Quiznetik

Anatomy | Set 7

1. The deep cardiac plexus:

A. is functionally separate from the superficial cardiac plexus

B. lies to the right of ligamentum arteriosum

C. receives predominantly right phrenic input

D. is posterior to the bifurcation of the trachea

E. is smaller than the superficial cardiac plexus

Correct : B. lies to the right of ligamentum arteriosum

2. The abdominal inferior vena cava:

A. is shorter than the abdominal aorta

B. enters the thorax through muscular diaphragm at T8

C. creates a groove over the quadrate lobe of liver

D. crosses the right renal and suprarenal arteries

E. commences in front of the right common iliac artery

Correct : D. crosses the right renal and suprarenal arteries

3. The testicular veins:

A. have valves at their terminations

B. is formed by two venae comitantes in the pelvis

C. enter the inferior vena cava

D. receive the suprarenal veins as tributaries

E. none of the above

Correct : A. have valves at their terminations

4. Regarding the ribs:

A. the 1st costal cartilage articulates with the manubrium by a synovial joint

B. the radiate ligament has two bands, upper and lower

C. the typical ribs are 3rd to 10th

D. the groove for the subclavian artery is anterior to the scalene tubercle on the 1st rib

E. the angle of the 2nd rib is the most posterior part of its curvature

Correct : E. the angle of the 2nd rib is the most posterior part of its curvature

5. Regarding attachments to the thoracic cage:

A. pectoralis major has slips of origin from the upper 8 costal cartilages

B. the first digitation of serratus anterior attaches to the 1st and 2nd rib

C. rectus abdominus is attached to the anterior surfaces of the 7th to 10th costal cartilages

D. iliocostalis and longissimus, parts of erector spinae, are attached between the heads and tubercles of each rib

E. serratus anterior is attached to the lower 8 ribs

Correct : B. the first digitation of serratus anterior attaches to the 1st and 2nd rib

6. In the superior mediastinum:

A. the azygous vein arches under the right main bronchus

B. the right brachiocephalic vein receives the thoracic duct

C. the aortic arch is crossed on the left side by the phrenic and vagus nerves

D. the superficial cardiac plexus contains right and left vagal and sympathetic fibres

E. the superior vena cava receives the azygous vein at the lower border of the right 1st costal cartilage

Correct : C. the aortic arch is crossed on the left side by the phrenic and vagus nerves

7. Regarding the pericardium:

A. the superior vena cava does not fuse with the fibrous pericardium

B. the transverse sinus separates the four pulmonary veins

C. the parietal layer of the serous pericardium has no nerve supply

D. the strong sternopericardial ligaments connect fibrous pericardium to upper/lower ends of sternum

E. the oblique sinus permits pulsation of the left atrium

Correct : E. the oblique sinus permits pulsation of the left atrium

8. Regarding the gastrointestinal tract:

A. the oesophagus enters the abdomen at T8 level

B. the right gastric artery is a branch of the splenic artery

C. the hepatopancreatic ampilla opens into the horizontal part of the duodenum

D. the taeniae coli converge at the ileocaecal valve

E. McBurneys point is one third of the way up the oblique line that joins the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

Correct : E. McBurneys point is one third of the way up the oblique line that joins the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus

9. The pelvic splanchnic nerves are:

A. derived from S1, 2, 3, 4

B. motor to the mm of bladder neck and anal sphincter

C. motor to all the gut

D. secretomotor to the gut from splenic flexure dome

E. sympathetic nerves

Correct : D. secretomotor to the gut from splenic flexure dome

10. The anterior third of the serotom is supplied by:

A. ilioinguinal nerve

B. sciatic nerve branches

C. peroneal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

D. a branch of the pudendal nerve

E. none of the above

Correct : A. ilioinguinal nerve

11. The ureters:

A. are 25cm long

B. are crossed anteriorly by gonadal vessels

C. leave the psoas muscle at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery

D. are retroperitoneal

E. all of the above

Correct : E. all of the above

12. Regarding intercostal blood vessels:

A. in each space there are single anterior and posterior intercostal veins

B. right sided superior intercostal vv drain into the brachiocephalic vein

C. the second intercostal space does not contain a posterior intercostal artery

D. all intercostal vv are branches of the descending thoracic aorta

E. all this is clinically relevant

Correct : C. the second intercostal space does not contain a posterior intercostal artery

13. Regarding blood supply to the heart:

A. the SA nodal artery is more commonly a branch of the left coronary artery

B. 40% of hearts show “left dominance”

C. the marginal and anterior interventricular arteries are the main branches of the left coronary artery

D. the right coronary artery arises from the posterior aortic sinus

E. the circumflex artery travels in the atrioventricular groove

Correct : E. the circumflex artery travels in the atrioventricular groove

14. With respect to the bronchi:

A. the carina lies to the left of the midline

B. the left apicoposterior bronchus of the upper lobe rises highest from the posterior surface of the lung

C. each lung has eight segmental bronchi

D. the left main bronchus is shorter than the right

E. blood supply is via the pulmonary arteries

Correct : A. the carina lies to the left of the midline

15. The thoracic duct:

A. commences at L1

B. passes through the oesophageal opening of the diaphragm (T10)

C. enters the right side of the superior mediastinum

D. does not drain the right arm

E. terminates in the inferior vena cava

Correct : D. does not drain the right arm

16. The oesophageal opening in the diaphragm transmits:

17. Regarding the intercostal space:

A. the neurovascular space lies deep to the transversus group

B. the collateral nerves lie just above the ribs

C. the first intercostal nerve does not supply muscle

D. the lower third intercostal nerves supply the abdominal wall

E. all intercostal arteries are branches of the descending thoracic aorta

Correct : B. the collateral nerves lie just above the ribs

18. The azygous vein:

A. has an avascular fibrous cord in the abdomen

B. begins as the union of ascending lumbar vein with the subcostal vein on the left side

C. arches over the right pulmonary artery

D. receives veins from the upper third of the oesophagus

E. usually enters the brachiocephalic vein

Correct : A. has an avascular fibrous cord in the abdomen

19. Which doesn’t drain into the cardiac sinus?

A. great cardiac vein

B. anterior cardiac vein

C. small cardiac vein

D. oblique vein of the left atrium

E. posterior vein of the left ventricle

Correct : B. anterior cardiac vein

20. The cardiac plexus:

A. has a larger superficial part and a smaller deep part

B. is made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres only

C. receives fibres from the left vagus nerve and left cervical sympathetic ganglion only into the superficial part

D. the deep part lies to the left of the ligamentum arteriosum

E. has preganglionic sympathetic fibres

Correct : C. receives fibres from the left vagus nerve and left cervical sympathetic ganglion only into the superficial part

21. Regarding the pericardium:

A. the transverse sinus separates the four pulmonary veins

B. the parietal layer of the serous pericardium has no nerve supply

C. the fibrous pericardium is fused with the IVC

D. the fibrous pericardium is supplied by the phrenic nerve

E. strong sternopericardial ligaments connect the fibrous pericardium to the sternum

Correct : D. the fibrous pericardium is supplied by the phrenic nerve

22. Which muscle is not used in inspiration?

23. Which is not found in the posterior mediastinum?

24. Regarding the phrenic nerves:

A. pass behind anterior scalene muscle

B. the right nerve pierces the muscular part of the diaphragm

C. they are always in contact with pleura laterally

D. run in mediastinum behind the lung root

E. split into four main branches – anterior, posterior, medial and lateral

Correct : C. they are always in contact with pleura laterally

25. The vagus nerve:

A. the right vagus nerve is in contact with the trachea

B. passes in front of the lung root

C. the right recurrent laryngeal branch hooks around the right subclavian artery

D. passes through the vena caval forearm

E. the right vagus nerve supplies branches to the superficial cardiac plexus

Correct : A. the right vagus nerve is in contact with the trachea

26. Regarding the heart valves:

A. the aortic valve usually has two semilunar cusps

B. the pulmonary valve is at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage

C. they do not contain elastic fibres

D. the tricuspid valve has anterior, posterior and medial cusps

E. the mitral valve cusps are bigger and thinner than those of the tricuspid valve

Correct : B. the pulmonary valve is at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage

27. With regard to intercostal spaces:

A. the neurovascular bundle runs in the plane between external intercostal and internal intercostalnmuscles

B. neurovascular structures lie in the order of nerve, artery, vein from above downwards

C. the upper two spaces are supplied by the supreme intercostal artery

D. the collateral branches of the intercostal artery and nerve run along the upper border of the rib that forms the lower boundary of the space

E. the collateral branch of the intercostal nerve supplies skin over the space

Correct : D. the collateral branches of the intercostal artery and nerve run along the upper border of the rib that forms the lower boundary of the space

28. Which is NOT USUALLY supplied by the left coronary artery?

A. conus artery

B. circumflex artery

C. anterior interventricular artery

D. anterior fibres of left bundle

E. posterior fibres of left bundle

Correct : E. posterior fibres of left bundle

29. Which is NOT a surface marking of the pleura?

A. right and left pleura meet each other in midline anteriorly at level of the sternal angle

B. both cross the midclavicular line at the 6th rib

C. both cross the midaxillary line at the 10th rib

D. both cross the 12th rib at the lateral border of erector spinae

E. both pass under the 12th costovertebral angle

Correct : B. both cross the midclavicular line at the 6th rib

30. Which of the following bronchi is called the epartenol bronchus?

A. left superior bronchus

B. left inferior bronchus

C. right superior bronchus

D. right middle bronchus

E. right inferior bronchus

Correct : C. right superior bronchus

31. The thoracic duct:

A. is always related to the right side of the aorta

B. receives no lymph drainage from the neck

C. terminates in the superior vena cava

D. may have two or three branches at its termination

E. is entirely thoracic throughout its course

Correct : D. may have two or three branches at its termination

32. Which is NOT a surface marking of the lungs or fissures?

A. hilum of each lung lies level with 5th, 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae

B. lower border of the lungs lie two ribs higher than the pleural reflection

C. the line of the 6th rib is the marking for the oblique fissures

D. horizontal fissure runs from the right 4th costal cartilage horizontally to mid-axillary line

E. anteromedial border of the left lung in the 5th intercostal space lies at the apex of the heart

Correct : C. the line of the 6th rib is the marking for the oblique fissures

33. Regarding the diaphragm:

A. it is active in both inspiration and expiration

B. the aorta is transmitted through an opening in the left crus

C. the left dome may ascend to the 5th intercostal space

D. the phrenic nerve branches run medially on its thoracic surface

E. it receives its blood supply entirely from lower intercostal and subcostal arteries

Correct : C. the left dome may ascend to the 5th intercostal space

34. With respect to the sensory innervation of the visceral pericardium, which of the following nerves predominantly provides sensory fibres?

35. The oesophagus is constricted at the following sites:

A. where it is crossed by right main bronchus

B. where it is crossed by the azygous vein

C. where it is crossed by the left subclavian artery

D. where it is crossed by the thoracic duct

E. none of the above

Correct : E. none of the above

36. The sino-atrial node is situated:

A. on the right of the opening of the inferior vena cava

B. within the interatrial septum

C. at the opening of the coronary sinus

D. just above the crista terminalis

E. around the lower superior vena cava

Correct : D. just above the crista terminalis

37. A surface landmark which constitutes a guide to the gastro-oesophageal orifice is the:

A. 7th left costal cartilage

B. left linea semilunaris

C. tip of the 9th left costal cartilage

D. left nipple

E. level of the 11th thoracic vertebra

Correct : A. 7th left costal cartilage

38. Which does NOT form part of the left border of the cardiovascular silhouette on chest x-ray?

39. During expiration, the right diaphragm rises to:

A. 4th intercostal space

B. 5th intercostal space

C. 6th intercostal space

D. a level slightly lower than the left diaphragm

E. the same height as the central tendon

Correct : A. 4th intercostal space

40. Which of the following is NOT true with respect to the ligamentum ateriosum?

A. it arises from the commencement of the left pulmonary artery

B. it joins the aorta at the level of the commencement of the brachiocephalic artery

C. the superficial part of the cardiac plexus lies anterior to it

D. the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around it

E. the deep cardiac plexus lies to its right

Correct : B. it joins the aorta at the level of the commencement of the brachiocephalic artery

41. Landmarks of the trachea are:

A. thyroid cartilage to sternal notch

B. hyoid bone to sternal angle –

C. cricoid cartilage to sternal angle

D. thyroid cartilage to sternal angle

E. cricoid cartilage to sternal notch

Correct : C. cricoid cartilage to sternal angle

42. The oesophagus:

A. is supported inferiorly by a sling of fibres from the left crus of the diaphragm

B. has its narrowest part at the opening of the diaphragm

C. has a blood supply from inferior thyroid arteries, oesophageal branches of aorta and branches of left gastric artery

D. has no contact with thoracic vertebrae

E. is crossed on the right by the arch of the aorta and azygous vein

Correct : C. has a blood supply from inferior thyroid arteries, oesophageal branches of aorta and branches of left gastric artery

43. Regarding the phrenic nerves, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:

A. each nerve provides motor supply to own half of diaphragm, left phrenic also supply half of right crus

B. the phrenic nerve is supplied by its own pericardiophrenic artery which accompanies it

C. the right phrenic nerve is in contact with venous structures throughout its course

D. the left phrenic nerve passes to the inferior surface of diaphragm through muscle

E. arising mainly from C4 in the neck, the nerve passes behind the anterior scalene

Correct : E. arising mainly from C4 in the neck, the nerve passes behind the anterior scalene

44. Which of the following do not penetrate the diaphragm?

45. With regard to the thorax:

A. pus behind the prevertebral fascia can gravitate to the posterior mediastinum

B. mediastinal tumours tend to project more into the left hilum than the right

C. pretracheal fascia blends with the pericardium anteriorly

D. pus from the cervical tracheal region may gravitate to the middle mediastinum

E. the arch of the aorta lies in the middle mediastinum

Correct : C. pretracheal fascia blends with the pericardium anteriorly

46. The oesophagus:

A. contains smooth muscle in its upper third

B. lies posterior to the left atrium

C. is partly innervated by the phrenic nerve

D. passes through the central tendon at the level of T10 vertebrae

E. has no connective tissue attaching to the aorta

Correct : B. lies posterior to the left atrium

47. With regard to the thoracic wall:

A. the intercostal vessels and nerves run between the external and internal intercostal muscles

B. all intercostal nerves have anterior and lateral cutaneous branches

C. the internal intercostals assist inspiration

D. both the manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints are synovial with discs

E. the upper ribs have ‘pump-handle’ movement NOT ‘bucket handle’ movement

Correct : E. the upper ribs have ‘pump-handle’ movement NOT ‘bucket handle’ movement

48. Which of the following statements about the diaphragm is NOT true?

A. the oesophageal opening is at the T10 level

B. the aortic opening may also contain the azygous vein and thoracic duct

C. the right dome is higher than the left

D. the blood supply is from the pericardiophrenic artery

E. the vena caval opening is at T8

Correct : D. the blood supply is from the pericardiophrenic artery

49. With regard to the cutaneous innervation of the thorax and abdomen:

A. above the 2nd rib, the skin is supplied by the cervical plexus (C4)

B. loss of a single spinal segment will produce a sensory deficit

C. it is supplied segmentally by the anterior primary rami of T1 to L1

D. T8 supplies skin at the level of the umbilicus

E. the lower eight thoracic nerves pass beyond the costal margin to supply the skin of the abdominal wall

Correct : A. above the 2nd rib, the skin is supplied by the cervical plexus (C4)

50. With regard to the diaphragm, which is NOT true?

A. in full expiration, the right dome ascends to the level of the nipple

B. the central tendon lies at the level of the xiphisternal joint

C. the longest fibres arise from the 9th costal cartilage

D. the branches of the phrenic nerves run over the thoracic surface radially

E. it is pierced by inferior vena cava at T8 level and by oesophagus at T10 level

Correct : D. the branches of the phrenic nerves run over the thoracic surface radially

51. The trachea:

A. bifurcates at a variable level according to respiration

B. is supplied by the superior thyroid arteries

C. commences at C5 level

D. is non elastic and is supported by cartilaginous rings

E. is in contact with the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the right

Correct : A. bifurcates at a variable level according to respiration

52. Which is NOT located at the level of the lower border of T4 vertebra?

A. the most superior part of the arch of the aorta

B. azygous vein enters the superior vena cava

C. thoracic duct reaches the left side of the oesophagus as it ascends

D. ligamentum arteriosum

E. superficial and deep parts of the cardiac plexus

Correct : A. the most superior part of the arch of the aorta

53. In the anatomical position, the heart:

A. has a right border comprised of right atrium and right ventricle

B. has an anterior (sternocostal) surface comprised of right atrium, right ventricle and a strip of left ventricle

C. has a posterior surface comprised of left atrium, four pulmonary veins and left ventricle

D. has an inferior (diaphragmatic) surface comprised of left atrium, inferior vena cava and right ventricle

E. all of the above are true

Correct : B. has an anterior (sternocostal) surface comprised of right atrium, right ventricle and a strip of left ventricle

54. Which is NOT USUALLY supplied by the right coronary artery?

A. sinoatrial nodal artery

B. atrioventricular nodal artery

C. conus artery

D. right bundle of HIS

E. posterior part of the interventricular septum

Correct : D. right bundle of HIS

55. With regard to lymphatic drainage in the thorax, which is NOT true?

A. the anterior intercostal spaces drain into parasternal nodes thence to brachiocephalic veins

B. mid-part of oesophagus drains to the paraaortic nodes beside the descending aorta

C. the lower posterior intercostal groups of nodes drain into cysterna chyli

D. the heart drains into the tracheobronchial nodes thence to mediastinal, lymph trunks

E. the mediastinal lymph trunks lie alongside the trachea

Correct : B. mid-part of oesophagus drains to the paraaortic nodes beside the descending aorta

56. With regard to the oesophagus, which is NOT true?

A. the upper part is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

B. the upper third has skeletal muscle whereas the lower two thirds is smooth muscle

C. the narrowest part is where it passes through the diaphragm

D. oesophageal pain can be referred to the neck, arm and thoracic wall

E. pierces the diaphragm at the level of T10 vertebral body

Correct : C. the narrowest part is where it passes through the diaphragm

57. With respect to the blood supply of the hearts, which answer is INCORRECT?

A. the left coronary artery and its branches are the main blood supply to the interventricular septum

B. the coronary sinus receives the great cardiac vein

C. anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium

D. the sinoatrial nodes is, in a majority of cases, supplied by the left coronary artery

E. the right coronary artery gives off a marginal branch at the inferior border of the heart

Correct : D. the sinoatrial nodes is, in a majority of cases, supplied by the left coronary artery

58. With regard to the phrenic nerve:

A. its fibres are exclusively motor

B. it is predominantly sensory

C. the right phrenic nerve lies anterior to the right lung root

D. it divides into anterior posterior and medial divisions on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

E. it divides into anterior posterior and medial divisions on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

Correct : C. the right phrenic nerve lies anterior to the right lung root

59. Regarding the cardiac veins:

A. the great cardiac vein accompanies the posterior descending interventricular artery

B. the middle cardiac vein ends in the right atrium

C. the anterior cardiac vein ends in the right atrium

D. the small cardiac vein accompanies the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

E. the oblique veins of the left atrium end in the left atrium

Correct : C. the anterior cardiac vein ends in the right atrium

60. With regard to the intercostal neurovascular bundle:

A. it maintains a close association with the superior posterior aspect of its own rib

B. it travels in a neurovascular plane between external and internal muscle layers

C. the artery has a longer course around the body wall than the nerve

D. the nerve is always inferior to the artery

E. the vein may travel below the nerve

Correct : D. the nerve is always inferior to the artery

61. A needle inserted between the xiphoid process and 7th left intercostal cartilage for the purpose of pericardiocentesis passes through all the following structures EXCEPT:

62. The parietal pleura in an average sized adult male:

A. projects 3cm above the medial third of the upper surface of the clavicle

B. projects 2cm beyond the thoracic outlet

C. projects 1cm above the inner border of the first rib

D. does not project above the upper surface of the clavicle

E. none of the above

Correct : A. projects 3cm above the medial third of the upper surface of the clavicle

63. Regarding the chest wall:

A. the intercostal artery runs between the external and internal intercostal muscles

B. the muscles of outer thoracic wall layer are serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior only

C. the 5th posterior intercostal vein, artery and nerve run on the lower border of the 5th rib

D. the order of structures in the intercostal space are artery, vein, nerve

E. the 1st intercostal nerve supplies skin over the anterior chest wall

Correct : C. the 5th posterior intercostal vein, artery and nerve run on the lower border of the 5th rib

64. The azygous vein:

A. usually enters the right subclavian vein

B. only drains the middle third of the oesophagus

C. only drains part of the oesophagus and bronchial vein

D. passes forward anteriorly medial to the oesophagus from T3

E. arches over the right bronchus at left of T4 vertebra

Correct : E. arches over the right bronchus at left of T4 vertebra

65. The trachea:

A. starts at the thyroid cartilage

B. bifurcates into the right and left bronchi behind the manubrium – sternal angle

C. passes through the posterior mediastinum

D. is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

E. blood supply is from the superior thyroid artery

Correct : B. bifurcates into the right and left bronchi behind the manubrium – sternal angle

66. In the thorax:

A. the inlet is bounded by the scapulae, clavicles and sternum

B. the inferior border of the superior mediastinum is level with T4

C. the right phrenic nerve passes through the oesophageal opening

D. the left phrenic nerve passes through the oesophageal opening

E. the thoracic duct passes through the canal opening

Correct : B. the inferior border of the superior mediastinum is level with T4

67. The sternoclavicular joint:

A. is a simple synovial joint

B. is more likely to dislocate posteriorly than anteriorly

C. is supplied by the cervical plexus

D. undergoes weak active rotation due to the action of subclavius

E. owes most of its strength to a single band of fibres joining clavicle to sternal notch and manubrium

Correct : C. is supplied by the cervical plexus

68. In the thorax:

A. the lungs are supported at the hilum by the pulmonary ligament

B. the right lung horizontal fissure lies at the 4th intercostal space

C. the parietal and visceral pleura have rich sensory innervation

D. the hilum of the lung lies at the level of theT7-8 vertebra

E. the dome of the lung rises above the medial one third of the clavicle

Correct : B. the right lung horizontal fissure lies at the 4th intercostal space

69. In the mediastinum:

A. the pulmonary trunk divides anterior to the left main bronchus

B. the pulmonary trunk divides anterior to the carina

C. the left and right lung inferior lobes each have four segments

D. the upper lobe of the right lung reaches the 5th costochondral junction anteriorly in the rest position

E. the left lung inferior lobe has five segments and the right has four

Correct : A. the pulmonary trunk divides anterior to the left main bronchus

70. In the coronary circulation:

A. the commonest arterial pattern is that of ‘left dominance’

B. the sinoatrial nodal artery arises from the left coronary artery in almost half the population

C. the anterior cardiac veins drain the left ventricle

D. the coronary sinus drains into the left atrium

E. the right coronary artery arises from the posterior aortic sinus

Correct : B. the sinoatrial nodal artery arises from the left coronary artery in almost half the population

71. The aortic opening in the diaphragm transmits:

A. oesophageal-gastric lymphatics

B. branches of the left gastric artery

C. the left phrenic nerve

D. posterior vaginal plexus

E. azygous vein

Correct : E. azygous vein

72. The azygous vein:

A. passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

B. crosses over the right bronchus at T6

C. drains into the left brachiocephalic vein

D. drains the lower eight intercostal spaces

E. drains the inferior third of the oesophagus

Correct : D. drains the lower eight intercostal spaces

73. In the deepest intercostal muscle layer:

A. the subcostals line the rib cage at the side

B. fibres of the innermost intercostal group only span one intercostal space

C. fibres of the subcostals group only span one intercostal space

D. transversus thoracis fibres only arise from 2nd to 6th costal cartilages

E. the border of the subcostal muscle group meets the innermost intercostal groups, overlapping slightly so the intercostal artery can slip between them to join the intercostal nerve

Correct : D. transversus thoracis fibres only arise from 2nd to 6th costal cartilages

74. Regarding tissues:

A. cartilage is very vascular

B. ligaments are generally not elastic

C. deep fascia is insensate

D. cardiac muscle is not striated

E. periosteum is not sensitive

Correct : B. ligaments are generally not elastic

75. An example of a unipennate muscle is:

76. An example of a secondary cartilaginous joint is:

77. Which vessel is not an end artery?

78. The appendages of the skin:

A. are derived from mesoderm

B. are derived from epidermal tissues

C. lie in the dermal layer

D. are derived from endoderm

E. splenic artery

Correct : B. are derived from epidermal tissues

79. Melanocyte(s):

A. number determine the colour of the skin

B. are responsible for high colour, greying is the result of decreasing numbers

C. produce varying melanins

D. are found mainly in the dermal layer

E. splenic artery

Correct : C. produce varying melanins

80. In regards to connective tissue:

A. aponeuroses are a form of deep fascia

B. retinaculae are a form of ligament

C. deep fascia is insensate

D. some ligaments are designed to allow a degree of elasticity

E. splenic artery

Correct : D. some ligaments are designed to allow a degree of elasticity

81. Which is correct?

A. oblique alignment of striated muscle fibres allows for greater force of contraction

B. smooth muscle is multi-nucleated

C. the epimysium surrounds groups of striated muscle fibres to form muscle bundles or fasciculi

D. rectus femoris fibres are arranged in a muti-pennate form to allow increased force of contraction

E. alpha anterior horn cells of the spinal cord supply the intrafusal muscle fibres

Correct : A. oblique alignment of striated muscle fibres allows for greater force of contraction

82. Which is correct?

A. B-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

B. plasma cells are differentiated B-cells

C. all lymphoid tissue is encapsulated

D. in lymph nodes, follicles of lymphocytes are concentrated in the medullary region

E. alpha anterior horn cells of the spinal cord supply the intrafusal muscle fibres

Correct : B. plasma cells are differentiated B-cells

83. Which of the following pairs do not match with regard to mode of ossification?

A. ribs and vertebra

B. clavicle and humerus

C. femur and 1st metatarsal

D. patella and pisiform

E. mandible and clavicle

Correct : B. clavicle and humerus

84. Regarding cartilage, which is INCORRECT?

A. it is essentially avascular

B. hyaline cartilage contains hyaluronic acid

C. rib cartilage is elastic type

D. TMJ is fibrous

E. all contain mucopolysaccharides

Correct : C. rib cartilage is elastic type

85. Regarding muscle strength, which is not a factor?

A. resting muscle length

B. cross sectional area

C. lever arm length

D. the extent to which the muscle is contracted

E. configuration of fibres

Correct : A. resting muscle length

86. Which is true?

A. epidermis is derived from mesoderm

B. the sweat glands, sebaceous glands are mesodermal in origin

C. the epidermis contains fibrous tissue and blood vessels

D. the colour of the skin is determined by the number of melanocytes

E. the dermis has a mesodermal origin

Correct : E. the dermis has a mesodermal origin

87. Regarding sweat glands, which is true?

A. the main nerve supply is via cholinergic sympathetic fibres

B. the main nerve supply is via adrenergic sympathetic nerves

C. they are derived from mesoderm

D. the normal tubular sweat glands undergo cyclical changes with the menstrual cycle

E. the highest number of sweat glands are found on the feet

Correct : A. the main nerve supply is via cholinergic sympathetic fibres

88. Regarding cartilage, which is true?

A. they have a rich blood supply

B. the intervertebral discs contain hyaline cartilage

C. hyaline and fibrous cartilage never calcify

D. elastic cartilage never calcifies

E. elastic cartilage is the commonest type

Correct : D. elastic cartilage never calcifies

89. Regarding muscles, which is true?

A. cardiac muscle is more powerful than skeletal or smooth

B. skeletal muscle fibres are spindle shaped

C. smooth muscle does not contain actin or myosin

D. skeletal muscle contraction causes peristalsis in the GI tract and ureter

E. cardiac muscle fibres are short, branched, mononuclear and striated

Correct : E. cardiac muscle fibres are short, branched, mononuclear and striated

90. Regarding periosteum, which is TRUE?

A. it is avascular

B. it is osteogenic

C. it covers the articular surface of long bones

D. it covers the inner surface of the medullary cavity

E. it receives its blood supply from overlying muscle

Correct : B. it is osteogenic

91. An example of secondary cartilaginous joint is:

92. An example of a fibrous joint is:

93. In the skin:

A. apocrine sweat glands are confined to the axillae, areolar, periumbilical and genital regions

B. dark skinned races posses greater numbers of melanocytes

C. sebaceous glands are abundant on the palms and soles

D. melanocytes predominate in the dermis

E. sweat glands are under the influence of sex hormones

Correct : A. apocrine sweat glands are confined to the axillae, areolar, periumbilical and genital regions

94. Regarding bone:

A. cancellous and compact bone show similar microscopic structure

B. the clavicle ossifies in membrane

C. the bones of the skull and face ossify in cartilage

D. the epiphyseal plates of growing bones are composed of fibrocartilage

E. sesamoid bones are only associated with flexor tendons

Correct : B. the clavicle ossifies in membrane

95. What are vincula?

A. the papillary ridges that form finger prints

B. superficial fibres of the palmar aponeurosis that insert into the skin

C. remnant fibres of palmar interossei that insert into the proximal area of the thumb

D. a communication between common flexor sheath and the sheet of pollicis longus present in 50% of people

E. vascular synovial folds of flexor tendons

Correct : E. vascular synovial folds of flexor tendons

96. A group C nerve fibre:

A. is up to 20um in diameter

B. is myelinated

C. has motor function

D. is fusimotor to muscle spindles

E. is postganglionic autonomic

Correct : E. is postganglionic autonomic

97. Regarding autonomic nervous system, visceral pain is not referred to L3-S1 because:

A. there are no visceral afferents related to these lumbar splanchnic nerves

B. there are no white rami communications to these spinal nerves

C. there are no sympathetic ganglia associated with these spinal segments

D. there is no sympathetic efferent supply to these spinal nerves

E. there are no grey rami communicants associated with the autonomic ganglia of L3-S1 spinal nerves

Correct : B. there are no white rami communications to these spinal nerves

98. Which of the following peripheral fibres have pain and temperature fibres?

99. Regarding the sympathetic nervous system:

A. every spinal nerve receives a white ramus communican

B. efferent post ganglionic fibres are myelinated

C. afferent sympathetic fibres synapse in the sympathetic trunk

D. preganglionic cell bodies lie within the lateral horn of the T1-L2 spinal segments

E. each cervical ganglion gives off one ramus communicans

Correct : D. preganglionic cell bodies lie within the lateral horn of the T1-L2 spinal segments

100. Which of the following nerve roots is correctly associated with the corresponding muscle action?

A. L5 plantar flexion

B. L2 knee extension

C. C5 abduction of the shoulder

D. C8 abduction of the thumb

E. S1 extension of the great toe

Correct : C. C5 abduction of the shoulder