Physiology | Set 7

1. Regarding renal tubular function:

A. Na+ is actively transported out of the thin portions of the loop of Henle

B. Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps Na+ out of the renal tubule

C. Cl- is transported only by co-transport

D. glucose is reabsorbed mainly in the distal tubule

E. penicillin is not actively secreted into tubular fluid

Correct : B. Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps Na+ out of the renal tubule

2. Regarding the actions of angiotensin II, which is INCORRECT?

A. selective renal efferent arteriolar constriction

B. acts on CNS without crossing blood-brain barrier

C. contract mesangial cells

D. direct positive chronotropic action on heart

E. increases conversion of cholesterol to pregnenelone

Correct : D. direct positive chronotropic action on heart

3. Normal values for renal function include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. filtration fraction =0.2

B. 22% of cardiac output

C. GFR = 180 litres/day

D. RPF = 900 litres/day

E. Tm glucose = 450 mg/minute

Correct : E. Tm glucose = 450 mg/minute

4. Regarding renal handling of potassium, which is INCORRECT?

A. 10 to 15% of filtered load may be excreted in urine

B. two potassium per sodium are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb

C. excretion decreased in acidosis

D. distal tubular secretion is capable of “adaptation” depending on demand

E. aldosterone increases distal tubular secretion in exchange for sodium

Correct : B. two potassium per sodium are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb

5. Normal urinary values include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. albumin ≤ 150mg/day

B. pH = 4.5 to 8.0

C. volume = 0.5 to 2.4 litres/day

D. specific gravity = 1.010 to 1.035

E. osmolality = 3 to 1400 millismol/litres

Correct : A. albumin ≤ 150mg/day

6. Regarding the kidney:

A. prostaglandins decrease blood flow in renal cortex

B. acetylcholine produces renal vasoconstriction

C. angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arterioles

D. angiotensin II causes constriction of afferent arterioles

E. glomerular capillary pressure normally is about 100mmHg

Correct : C. angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arterioles

7. Glucose reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

A. the proximal convoluted tubule

B. the distal convoluted tubule

C. the descending loop of Henle

D. the ascending loop of Henle

E. the collecting system

Correct : A. the proximal convoluted tubule

8. Why is NSAIDs use a relative contraindication in patients with chronic renal failure?

A. direct toxic effects on proximal tubule

B. direct toxic effects on collecting ducts

C. indirect toxic effects on loop of Henle

D. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in arterioles

E. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in main renal arteries

Correct : D. inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis which is an important regulator of renal blood flow in arterioles

9. Characteristics of a substance suitable for measuring GFR do NOT include:

10. Amino acid reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

A. the proximal convoluted tubule

B. the distal convoluted tubule

C. the descending loop of Henle

D. the ascending loop of Henle

E. the collecting duct

Correct : A. the proximal convoluted tubule

11. Which of the following substances would NOT cause contraction of mesangial cells?

12. Chloride may be reabsorbed in the nephron by:

13. Which of these factors do NOT affect GFR?

A. renal blood flow

B. ureteral obstruction

C. dehydration

D. a neutral molecule measuring 4 manometer

E. angiotensin II effects on mesangial cells

Correct : D. a neutral molecule measuring 4 manometer

14. The collecting duct is the main site of action for which of the following drugs?

15. Which is NOT true of osmotic diuresis?

A. osmotic diuresis is due to the quantity of unreabsorbed solutes

B. decreased water reabsorption in proximal tubules and loops

C. reduced Na+ reabsorption as the limiting concentration gradient is exceeded

D. net loss of Na+ in urine

E. normal water reabsorption in proximal portion of tubules

Correct : E. normal water reabsorption in proximal portion of tubules

16. Which of these is NOT a factor affecting acid secretion?

17. Regarding the kidney:

A. glucose is reabsorbed mainly in distal tubule

B. normal GFR is 125ml/hour

C. glomeruli filter 180L fluid per day

D. Na+ is actively transported out of think loop of Henle

E. ethanol promotes vasopressin secretion

Correct : C. glomeruli filter 180L fluid per day

18. Regarding renal blood flow:

A. blood flow greatest to medulla

B. pressure in renal vein is about 20mmHg

C. angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles

D. prostaglandins increase blood flow in cortex and medulla

E. renal blood flow = renal plasma flow x 1 haematocrit

Correct : C. angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles

19. Osmolality of tubular fluid:

A. isotonic in proximal tubule

B. isotonic in loop of Henle

C. hypertonic in ascending limb loop of Henle

D. hypotonic in collecting duct

E. hypotonic in proximal tubule

Correct : A. isotonic in proximal tubule

20. Regarding the kidney and urine formation:

A. specific gravity is measure of osmolality

B. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to water

C. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to Na+ Cl-

D. water diuresis begins about 1 hour after ingestion of a water load

E. high protein diet does not affect concentrating ability of kidney

Correct : B. thin ascending limb relatively impermeable to water

21. Regarding tubular reabsorption in kidney:

A. glucose and amino acids passively reabsorbed

B. Cl- mainly actively reabsorbed

C. only passive reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule

D. urea is not passively reabsorbed

E. Na+ actively reabsorbed in most parts of tubule

Correct : E. Na+ actively reabsorbed in most parts of tubule

22. In the presence of vasopressin, most filtered water is absorbed in the:

23. All of the following affect glomerular filtration, EXCEPT:

A. changes in renal flood flow

B. urethral obstruction

C. dehydration

D. oedema outside the renal capsule

E. glomerular capillary permeability

Correct : D. oedema outside the renal capsule

24. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

A. is impermeable to water

B. has maximal permeability to NaCl

C. is relatively permeable to water

D. is impermeable to NaCl

E. is a site where there is no active transport of sodium

Correct : A. is impermeable to water

25. In the normal bladder, micturition:

A. is initiated by the pelvic nerves

B. is co-ordinated in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord

C. is initiated at a volume of 600mls

D. is significantly affected by sympathetic nerves

E. is not facilitated at the level of the brain stem

Correct : A. is initiated by the pelvic nerves

26. All the following statements regarding the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are true EXCEPT:

A. it causes natriuresis

B. it lowers blood pressure

C. circulating ANP has a short half-life

D. ANP has the greatest affinity for the ANPR-B receptor of the glomerulus

E. it is released when atrial muscle is stretched

Correct : D. ANP has the greatest affinity for the ANPR-B receptor of the glomerulus

27. Which part of the renal tubule is Na+ NOT actively transported out of?

A. proximal convoluted tubule

B. thin portions of the loop of Henle

C. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

D. distal convoluted tubule

E. collecting duct

Correct : B. thin portions of the loop of Henle

28. Where is the macula densa located?

A. afferent arteriole

B. efferent arteriole

C. proximal convoluted tubule

D. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

E. distal convoluted tubule

Correct : D. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

30. Which factor increases renal blood flow?

31. Angiotensin II:

A. constricts afferent arterioles only

B. constricts efferent arterioles only

C. constricts afferent and efferent arterioles

D. dilates afferent arterioles

E. dilates efferent arterioles

Correct : C. constricts afferent and efferent arterioles

32. Regarding nephrons permeability:

A. glomerular capillaries are 100 times more permeable than skeletal muscle capillaries

B. anionic substances are more permeable than neutral substances

C. N (?normal) glomerular concentration of albumin is 0.2% of plasma concentration

D. neutral substances are freely filtered with diameters < 8nm

E. 100mg/d of protein is filtered at the glomerulus

Correct : C. N (?normal) glomerular concentration of albumin is 0.2% of plasma concentration

33. Where does glucose reabsorption occur?

A. proximal convoluted tubule

B. thin descending limb of loop of Henle

C. thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

D. distal convoluted tubule

E. collecting duct

Correct : A. proximal convoluted tubule

34. Vasopressin acts as the:

A. proximal convoluted tubule

B. loop of Henle

C. distal convoluted tubule

D. cortical portion of the collecting duct

E. medullary portion of the collecting duct

Correct : D. cortical portion of the collecting duct

35. Regarding the bladder:

A. the external urethral sphincter is made up of smooth muscle cells

B. the internal urethral sphincter does not encircle the urethra

C. pelvic nerves (S2-S4) supply the external sphincter

D. when the bladder is stretched, tension is maintained

E. relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter assists micturition

Correct : B. the internal urethral sphincter does not encircle the urethra

37. Concerning the kidneys:

A. normal glomerular filtration rate is 250ml/minute

B. normal renal plasma flow is 125ml/minute

C. normal filtration fraction is 0.19

D. blood flow is normally higher in the medulla than the cortex

E. normal blood volume in the kidneys at any one time is 250ml

Correct : C. normal filtration fraction is 0.19

38. Regarding renal handling of substances:

A. urea is filtered, but not secreted

B. most sodium is resorbed in the loop of Henle

C. creatinine is not filtered, but is resorbed

D. potassium is filtered, but not secreted

E. chloride is secreted and resorbed

Correct : A. urea is filtered, but not secreted

40. Concerning the respiratory exchange ration (R)

A. it falls during exercise

B. it falls in metabolic acidosis

C. the stomach has a positive R during secretion of acid

D. it rises after ingestion of alkali

E. at steady state, it equals the respiratory quotient

Correct : E. at steady state, it equals the respiratory quotient

41. Regarding fat metabolism, all are true EXCEPT:

A. brown fat is characterised by a H+ short circuit protein in the mitochondria

B. heparin is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase

C. ketone bodies accumulate in diabetic ketoacidosis due to reduced removal from the circulation

D. the essential fatty acids are used to produce autocoids

E. there is no major pathway for converting fat to carbohydrate

Correct : D. the essential fatty acids are used to produce autocoids

42. Triiodothyronine:

A. is less potent than thyroxine

B. deficiency causes yellow skin due to keratin buildup

C. acts via a tyrosine kinase predominantly

D. causes an increase in Na+ /K+ ATPase activity

E. in both, deficiency but no excess leads to muscle weakness

Correct : E. in both, deficiency but no excess leads to muscle weakness

43. Mesangial cells:

A. have a role in the control of GFR

B. are similar to other endothelial cells in the vascular tree

C. are responsible for tubuloglomerular balance

D. contract in response to dopamine

E. relax in response to vasopressin

Correct : A. have a role in the control of GFR

44. With regard to water excretion:

A. 280 l is filtered per day

B. it is impossible to excrete more than 23 l/day

C. most regulation is via manipulation of the gradients along the loop of Henle

D. vasopressin acts to insert water channels into the basolateral cell membrane of the collecting ducts

E. water reabsorption in the collecting ducts can alter by a factor of 2.5 dependent on the presence of vasopressin

Correct : E. water reabsorption in the collecting ducts can alter by a factor of 2.5 dependent on the presence of vasopressin

45. All of the following are transported across renal tubular cell membranes by secondary active transport, using the energy of the active transport of Na+ , EXCEPT:

46. Regarding the control of GFR:

A. increasing ANP causes contraction of mesangial cells

B. glomerular cap are less permeable than skeletal

C. oedema of kidney causes increase in renal intent po????

D. efferent arterioles have low reninlard

E. hypoproteinaemia increases GFR

Correct : C. oedema of kidney causes increase in renal intent po????

47. Regarding osmotic diuresis:

A. is secondary to decreased ADH

B. results in hypertonic urine

C. increased water reabsorption in PCT

D. may be seen in patients with diabetes ketoacidosis

E. may be seen in patients with diabetes insipidis

Correct : D. may be seen in patients with diabetes ketoacidosis

49. Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized. If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml urine flow = 54 ml/hr lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml haematocrit = 0.45 Then the CLEARANCE of X is:

50. Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized. If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml urine flow = 54 ml/hr lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml haematocrit = 0.45 Renal plasma flow is:

51. Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized. If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml urine flow = 54 ml/hr lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml haematocrit = 0.45 Renal blood flow is:

52. Substance X is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed, nor secreted nor metabolized. If - serum x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal artery x concentration = 0.020 mg/ml renal vein x concentration = 0.002 mg/ml urine x concentration = 14 mg/ml urine flow = 54 ml/hr lymphatic x concentration = 0.00001 mg/ml haematocrit = 0.45 The GFR is:

53. Which is CORRECT?

A. voluntary control of breathing originates in the pons/medulla

B. automatic breathing control descends to the respiratory musculature via the corticospinal tract

C. the reciprocal innervation in automatic breathing is via descending pathways rather than spinal reflexes

D. automatic fibres descend to innervate the external intercostal muscles at each thoracic level to mediate expiration

E. there is no output to the phrenic nerves during expiration

Correct : C. the reciprocal innervation in automatic breathing is via descending pathways rather than spinal reflexes

54. Which abolishes automatic respiration? Destruction of:

A. pre-Bottzinger complexes

B. ventral gp respiratory neurons

C. dorsal gp respiratory neurons

D. section at the inferior border of the pons

E. transaction rostral to the pons

Correct : A. pre-Bottzinger complexes

55. Which does not stimulate carotid bodies?

56. All of the following shift the Hb dissociation curve to the right during exercise EXCEPT:

57. Hypoxia at high altitudes:

A. is a form of stagnant hypoxia

B. causes symptoms of cyanosis

C. causes severe symptoms in an unacclimatised person at 3,000m

D. can always be reversed with 100% O2

E. increased H+ concentration

Correct : B. causes symptoms of cyanosis

58. Regarding surfactant:

A. infant respiratory distress syndrome can be adequately treated with administration of phospholipids alone

B. cigarette smokers have the same amount of surfactant as non-smokers

C. the phospholipid film is formed by tubular myelin

D. infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by insufficient surfactant that prevents the alveoli from expanding at first inspiratory effort

E. formation of the phospholipid film is greatly facilitated by the carbohydrate in surfactant

Correct : C. the phospholipid film is formed by tubular myelin

59. Regarding the work of breathing during quiet inspiration:

A. elastic work = 80%

B. viscous resistance = 7%

C. airway resistance = 13%

D. when tidal volume versus intrapleural pressure in quiet inspiration are plotted, a straight line results

E. the amount of elastic work required to inflate the whole respiratory system is more than the amount required to inflate the lungs alone

Correct : B. viscous resistance = 7%

60. Regarding gas exchange in the lungs:

A. PaO2 in pulmonary capillaries is the same as PaO2 in the aorta

B. diffusing capacity for O2 (DLO2) increases from 25→65ml/min/mmHg during exercise

C. DLO2 is unaffected by beryllium poisoning and sarcoidosis

D. CO2 retention is frequently a problem in patients with alveolar fibrosis

E. decreased secretion of PDGF by alveolar macrophages causes pulmonary fibrosis

Correct : B. diffusing capacity for O2 (DLO2) increases from 25→65ml/min/mmHg during exercise

61. Regarding gas exchange in the lungs:

A. N2O is diffusion limited

B. CO is perfusion limited

C. O2 is between N2O and CO but at rest, is perfusion limited

D. diffusing capacity of the lung for a gas is inversely proportionate to the surface area of the alveolocapillary membrane and directly proportional to its thickness

E. at rest, it takes blood 0.25secs to traverse the pulmonary capillaries

Correct : C. O2 is between N2O and CO but at rest, is perfusion limited

62. Regarding bronchial tone:

A. substance P causes bronchoconstriction

B. constriction is caused by sympathetic discharge

C. dilation is caused by parasympathetic discharge

D. maximal bronchoconstriction occurs at 4am

E. VIP causes bronchoconstriction

Correct : A. substance P causes bronchoconstriction

63. Regarding pulmonary function, which of the following is NOT true?

A. FRC = ERV + RV

B. IRV in men is about 3,3L

C. RV in women is about 1.1L

D. inspiratory capacity in men = 4.8L

E. total lung capacity = 6L in men, 4.2L in women

Correct : D. inspiratory capacity in men = 4.8L

64. Regarding the glottis:

A. when laryngeal adductors are paralysed there is inspiratory stridor

B. abductors contract early in inspiration

C. when abductors are paralysed, aspiration pneumonia may result

D. the adductors are supplied by the vagus nerves, the abduction by the hypoglossal nerve

E. in animals with bilateral cervical vagotomy, pulmonary oedema is purely secondary to aspiration

Correct : B. abductors contract early in inspiration

65. Regarding oxygen transport:

A. Haemoglobin S has glutamic acid instead of valine in the β chains

B. the O2 saturation of Hb is the percentage of available binding sites that do not have O2 attached

C. the oxygenated form of Hb is the T state

D. cyanosis is more obvious in anaemic patients

E. normal P50 is 27mmHg

Correct : E. normal P50 is 27mmHg

66. Regarding the O2 dissociation curve:

A. O2 affinity of Hb is reduced when the curve is shifted to the left

B. decreased 2,3-DPG shifts the curve to the right

C. the Bohr effect is attributed to the action of PCO2 on H+ concentration

D. temperature has no effect on the curve

E. 2,3-DPG levels are reduced at altitude

Correct : C. the Bohr effect is attributed to the action of PCO2 on H+ concentration

67. Diffusion is inversely proportional to:

A. the diffusion constant

B. tissue area

C. solubility of the gas

D. square root of the molecular weight

E. the difference in partial pressure

Correct : D. square root of the molecular weight

68. In exercise:

A. oxygen consumption is about 6L/min in a moderately fit subject

B. the respiratory exchange ratio rises to 0.8

C. diffusing capacity increases 3-fold

D. the change in cardiac output is only about a sixth of the increase in ventilation

E. the oxygen dissociation curve moves to the left

Correct : C. diffusing capacity increases 3-fold

69. Central respiratory chemoreceptors:

A. are located in the medulla near exit of cranial nerve X, XI

B. respond directly to changes in external PCO2

C. respond directly to changes in arterial PO2

D. are located on dorsal surface of medulla

E. respond to pH of CSF

Correct : E. respond to pH of CSF

70. Respiratory peripheral chemoreceptors:

A. carotid bodies respond to PO2, PCO2, and pH

B. peripheral chemoreceptor response to arterial PCO2 is more important than central chemoreceptor response

C. aortic bodies are located within the aortic valve ring

D. drop in PO2 < 100mmHg causes increase in firing rate

E. carotid bodies respond to venous PO2

Correct : D. drop in PO2 < 100mmHg causes increase in firing rate

71. Ventilatory response to CO2 is reduced by all EXCEPT:

A. sleep

B. barbiturate overdose

C. increasing age

D. decreasing the work of breathing

E. trained athletes and divers

Correct : D. decreasing the work of breathing

72. The surface area of the lungs is:

A. three times the area of skin

B. ten times the area of skin

C. 30 times the area of skin

D. 100 times the area of skin

E. none of the above

Correct : C. 30 times the area of skin

73. Site of most / major airway resistance is:

75. Which respiratory volume is INCORRECT?

A. tidal volume is the normal breathing volume

B. vital capacity is the volume from maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration

C. residual volume is the volume remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

D. functional residual capacity is the volume after normal inspiration

E. total lung capacity is the vital capacity plus residual volume

Correct : D. functional residual capacity is the volume after normal inspiration

76. The diffusion constant is proportional to:

78. Regarding pulmonary blood flow:

A. increased arterial pressure leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance

B. localised vasoconstriction is directly due to arterial PO2 hypoxia

C. regional differences are due to hydrostatic pressure differences

D. at the apex Pa>Pv>PA

E. pulmonary arteries and veins have transmural pressures equal to alveolar pressure

Correct : C. regional differences are due to hydrostatic pressure differences

80. Regarding the alveolar gas equation:

A. the respiratory quotient nears 1.0 with exercise

B. PIO2= barometric pressure – water vapour pressure

C. PACO2 > PaCO2

D. PAO2 is normally 150mmHg

E. remains valid if there is CO2 present in the inspired gas

Correct : A. the respiratory quotient nears 1.0 with exercise

81. The amount of O2 in blood with a PaO2 of 100mmHg is:

82. Regarding the O2 dissociation curve:

A. increased PCO2 has a direct effect on the curve, shifting it to the right

B. 2,3-DPG levels rise as altitude

C. the deoxy form of Hb is in the relaxed state

D. CO moves the curve to the left as it has 100 times the affinity of O2 for Hb

E. P50 is at a PO2 of 40mmHg

Correct : B. 2,3-DPG levels rise as altitude

83. Which respiratory principle is INCORRECT?

A. Fick’s law states that “the volume of gas per unit time that moves across a sheet of tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet, but inversely proportional to its thickness”

B. the Bohr effect is “the effect of PCO2 on the O2 dissociation curve due to the action of PCO2 on H+ concentration”

C. Henry’s law states that “the amount of gas dissolved is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas”

D. the chloride shift is “the diffusion of HCO3 - in to the cell, with the outward diffusion of Cl- ions to maintain electrical neutrality”

E. the Haldane effect is that deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry CO2

Correct : D. the chloride shift is “the diffusion of HCO3 - in to the cell, with the outward diffusion of Cl- ions to maintain electrical neutrality”

84. Given a PCO2 = 600mmHg and a HCO3- = 28mEq/l there is a:

A. metabolic acidosis

B. metabolic acidosis with renal compensation

C. respiratory acidosis

D. respiratory acidosis with renal compensation

E. respiratory alkalosis

Correct : C. respiratory acidosis

85. Regarding the elastic properties of the lung:

A. the lung volume at any given pressure during inflation is larger than during deflation

B. the area under the pressure-volume curve is known as the compliance

C. surface tension is the force acting across an imaginary line in the surface of the liquid

D. pressure generated in an alveolus equals 4T/R

E. surfactant, produced by Type I alveolar cells, reduces surface tension in alveoli

Correct : C. surface tension is the force acting across an imaginary line in the surface of the liquid

87. The major site of resistance in the bronchial tree is the:

91. The calibre of extra-alveolar vessels is primarily determined by:

A. the difference between alveolar pressure and the pressure within them

B. the pressure in the pulmonary artery

C. the lung volume

D. the cardiac output

E. the patient’s fluid status

Correct : C. the lung volume

92. Which statement regarding hyperbaric oxygen therapy is INCORRECT?

A. males eliminate carboxy haemoglobin faster than females

B. gas around the body is normal air compressed to the same high pressure

C. it produces marked increases in dissolved oxygen in the blood

D. oxygen is administered at up to 3 atmospheres pressure

E. toxicity includes optic neuritis

Correct : A. males eliminate carboxy haemoglobin faster than females

93. All of the following are features of acclimatisation to high altitude EXCEPT:

A. shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve

B. increased number of capillaries in peripheral tissues

C. pulmonary vasodilation

D. polycythaemia

E. increased maximum breathing capacity

Correct : C. pulmonary vasodilation

94. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. pulmonary stretch receptors lie within the airway epithelial cells

B. J receptors, when stimulated, cause slow deep breathing

C. irritant receptors, when stimulated, send impulses up the vagus in unmyelinated fibres

D. irritant receptors are rapidly adapting

E. increased maximum breathing capacity

Correct : D. irritant receptors are rapidly adapting

95. Which one of the following statements regarding ventilation is INCORRECT?

A. tidal volume in the average human is 500ml

B. anatomical dead space is the volume of the conducting airway and is about 160ml

C. upper regions of the lung ventilate better than the lower regions

D. you can measure physiological dead space via Bohr’s method to get what is called a Bohr equation which is: VD PACO2-PECO2 VT PACO2

E. None of the above

Correct : C. upper regions of the lung ventilate better than the lower regions

96. The diffusion capacity (DI) of the lung accounts for:

97. Regarding movement to high altitude, which statement is INCORRECT?

A. hyperventilation occurs due to hypoxic stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors

B. pro-erythroblasts mature into erythrocytes more rapidly than normal

C. renal bicarbonate excretion increases

D. increased numbers of mitochondria appear in the tissues

E. FiO2 decreases with increasing altitude

Correct : E. FiO2 decreases with increasing altitude

98. Metabolic functions of the lung include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. conversion of AI to AII by ACE

B. metabolism of AII

C. inactivation of bradykinin

D. removal of serotonin

E. metabolism of arachidonic acid metabolises

Correct : B. metabolism of AII

99. Which of the following is INCORRECT?

A. O2 toxicity causes convulsion

B. O2 at 100% in premature infants causes retrolental fibroplasia

C. acclimatisation to high altitudes include a shift to the left of the O2 dissociation curve

D. polycythaemia is a feature of acclimatisation

E. acute mountain sickness is due to hypoxaemia and alkalosis

Correct : C. acclimatisation to high altitudes include a shift to the left of the O2 dissociation curve

100. Regarding the neural control of breathing, which statement is INCORRECT?

A. medullary centres are close to but separate from central chemoreceptors

B. during quiet respiration, expiration is a passive event

C. inspiratory medullary neurons supply both phrenic nerves

D. ventral medullary neurons are expiratory and do not discharge spontaneously

E. inspiratory medullary neurons discharge spontaneously at a rate of 12-15 times/minute

Correct : D. ventral medullary neurons are expiratory and do not discharge spontaneously

Quiznetik

Physiology | Set 7

1. Regarding renal tubular function:

2. Regarding the actions of angiotensin II, which is INCORRECT?

3. Normal values for renal function include all of the following EXCEPT:

4. Regarding renal handling of potassium, which is INCORRECT?

5. Normal urinary values include all of the following EXCEPT:

6. Regarding the kidney:

7. Glucose reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

8. Why is NSAIDs use a relative contraindication in patients with chronic renal failure?

9. Characteristics of a substance suitable for measuring GFR do NOT include:

10. Amino acid reabsorption is most marked in which segment of the glomerulus?

11. Which of the following substances would NOT cause contraction of mesangial cells?

12. Chloride may be reabsorbed in the nephron by:

13. Which of these factors do NOT affect GFR?

14. The collecting duct is the main site of action for which of the following drugs?

15. Which is NOT true of osmotic diuresis?

16. Which of these is NOT a factor affecting acid secretion?

17. Regarding the kidney:

18. Regarding renal blood flow:

19. Osmolality of tubular fluid:

20. Regarding the kidney and urine formation:

21. Regarding tubular reabsorption in kidney:

22. In the presence of vasopressin, most filtered water is absorbed in the:

23. All of the following affect glomerular filtration, EXCEPT:

24. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

25. In the normal bladder, micturition:

26. All the following statements regarding the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are true EXCEPT:

27. Which part of the renal tubule is Na+ NOT actively transported out of?

28. Where is the macula densa located?

29. What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys at rest?

30. Which factor increases renal blood flow?

31. Angiotensin II:

32. Regarding nephrons permeability:

33. Where does glucose reabsorption occur?

34. Vasopressin acts as the:

35. Regarding the bladder:

36. Which substance relaxes mesangial cells?

37. Concerning the kidneys:

38. Regarding renal handling of substances:

39. Which of the following is transported via active transport?

40. Concerning the respiratory exchange ration (R)

41. Regarding fat metabolism, all are true EXCEPT:

42. Triiodothyronine:

43. Mesangial cells:

44. With regard to water excretion:

45. All of the following are transported across renal tubular cell membranes by secondary active transport, using the energy of the active transport of Na+ , EXCEPT:

46. Regarding the control of GFR:

47. Regarding osmotic diuresis:

48. Effective renal plasma flow is best measured using:

53. Which is CORRECT?

54. Which abolishes automatic respiration? Destruction of:

55. Which does not stimulate carotid bodies?

56. All of the following shift the Hb dissociation curve to the right during exercise EXCEPT:

57. Hypoxia at high altitudes:

58. Regarding surfactant:

59. Regarding the work of breathing during quiet inspiration:

60. Regarding gas exchange in the lungs:

61. Regarding gas exchange in the lungs:

62. Regarding bronchial tone:

63. Regarding pulmonary function, which of the following is NOT true?

64. Regarding the glottis:

65. Regarding oxygen transport:

66. Regarding the O2 dissociation curve:

67. Diffusion is inversely proportional to:

68. In exercise:

69. Central respiratory chemoreceptors:

70. Respiratory peripheral chemoreceptors:

71. Ventilatory response to CO2 is reduced by all EXCEPT:

72. The surface area of the lungs is:

73. Site of most / major airway resistance is:

74. The volume of the anatomical dead space is:

75. Which respiratory volume is INCORRECT?

76. The diffusion constant is proportional to:

77. Mean pressure (mmHg) in the main pulmonary artery is:

78. Regarding pulmonary blood flow:

79. Which is not inactivated by the lungs?

80. Regarding the alveolar gas equation:

81. The amount of O2 in blood with a PaO2 of 100mmHg is:

82. Regarding the O2 dissociation curve: