2. The emotional component to pain is due to activation of:
Correct : A. post central gyrus
3. The chemical agent that initiates impulses in pain fibres is:
Correct : B. substance P
4. Regarding thermoceptors:
Correct : C. afferents for cold receptors are C fibres only
5. Regarding body temperature:
Correct : E. emotion has no effect on core temperature
6. Regarding the hypothalamus:
Correct : B. it integrates the vomiting reflex
7. Regarding the vomiting reflex, which is INCORRECT?
Correct : B. breath is held in expiration
8. Herring bodies are:
Correct : C. circumventricular organs
9. The neurotransmitter secreted by primary afferent fibres for severe pain is:
Correct : D. opioid peptides
10. Regarding rods and cones:
Correct : C. the receptor potentials are all-or-nothing
11. The visual cortex is situated at the:
Correct : D. lateral geniculate body
12. In the visual pathway:
Correct : D. macular sparing may or may not occur with lesions in the geniculocalcanine tract
13. When a normal innervated skeletal muscle is stretched, the initial response is contraction, but with increasing stretch, the muscle suddenly relaxes because:
Correct : E. because of reciprocal innervation, there is increased discharge in the afferent nerve fibres from the antagonists to the stretched muscle
14. In a polysynaptic reflex, which of the following happen when the strength of the adequate stimulus is increased?
Correct : A. the amplitude of the motor response is increased
15. A tumour causing external compression to the anterior cervical spinal cord would be
expected to:
Correct : D. impair vibration sense only from cervical areas
16. Which of the following need to be intact for normal stereognosis:
Correct : B. parietal lobe
17. Bitemporal hemianopia is most likely to be caused by a lesion at the:
Correct : D. optic radiation
18. Regarding temperature regulation, which is NOT true?
Correct : E. fever is produced by the action of cytokines on the hypothalmus
19. When a visual stimulus falls on a given point in the retina for a long time:
Correct : A. the image becomes more clearly focused
20. Which of the following affect visual activity?
Correct : E. all of the above
21. The ‘tympanic reflex’:
Correct : D. results in the decreased transmission of sound
22. Regarding pain transmission, which is NOT true?
Correct : E. pain sensation results from over-stimulation of other sensory modalities
23. Which is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?
Correct : B. cuneate nucleus
24. With regard to pain pathways, all the following are true EXCEPT:
Correct : B. an intact cerebral cortex is necessary for pain sensation
25. Cerebellar disease in humans causes all of the following EXCEPT:
Correct : C. lead pipe rigidity
26. The righting reflex is pronounced after sectioning of the neural axis above which
level:
Correct : C. mid-brain
27. Regarding muscle spindles, which is NOT true?
Correct : D. they are responsible for the inverse stretch reflex
28. The action potential of a neuron (influx):
Correct : E. is not associated with any net movement of Na+ of K+ across the cell membrane
29. The functions of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include:
Correct : D. acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin
30. Regarding the autonomic nervous system:
Correct : C. it has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric excretion
31. Which of the following does NOT act via an intracellular receptor?
Correct : E. retinoic acid
32. Steps involved in skeletal muscle contraction include all of the following EXCEPT:
Correct : E. CTP (cytidine triphosphate)
33. Regarding the resting membrane potential in peripheral nerves:
Correct : A. membrane permeability of potassium ions via K+ leak channels produces the resting potential
34. Regarding excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, which statement is
INCORRECT?
Correct : A. calcium ions bind to troponin T
35. Microglia:
Correct : B. are scavenger cells
36. The action potential:
Correct : D. requires opening of voltage gated Na+ channels
37. Which of the following nerve fibre types is MOST sensitive to hypoxia?
Correct : D. B
38. Regarding smooth muscle contractility, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : B. decreased by activation of phospholipase C
39. Regarding smooth muscle, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : A. multi-unit smooth muscle is present in the jejunum
40. A sarcomere:
Correct : C. is between two Z-lines
41. Type I muscle fibres:
Correct : D. do not have a very high glycolytic capacity
42. Regarding cardiac muscle, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : C. mechanical response lasts about twice as long as electrical response
43. Regarding denervation:
Correct : D. smooth muscle is able to contract if it occurs in vivo
44. Which of the following nerve fibre types is MOST sensitive to pressure?
Correct : A. A-beta
45. Regarding decerebration:
Correct : B. decerebrate rigidity is spasticity due to diffuse facilitation of stretch reflex
46. Which of the following nerve fibre types has the LARGEST diameter?
Correct : B. A-alpha
47. The following are NOT energy sources of muscle:
Correct : E. creatine
48. Regarding sensory organ stimulation, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : E. any given nerve ending can signal more than one sensory modality
49. Regarding neurotransmitters, which of the following is INCORRECT?
Correct : C. glycine is excitatory at postsynaptic neurons
50. The stretch reflex:
Correct : B. is initiated by stretch of the muscle
51. Which of the following is NOT present in smooth muscle cells?
Correct : E. troponin
52. Regarding the structure of cardiac muscle, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : B. functions as a syncytium due to the presence of tight junctions
53. Regarding the cardiac muscle action potential, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : A. sodium ions enter via “fast” channels in phase 0
54. Which of the following nerve fibre types represents the efferent limb of the muscle
spindle reflex arc?
Correct : C. A-gamma
55. Regarding neuromuscular transmission, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : D. more than one nerve fibre ends on each end-plate in skeletal muscle
56. Regarding the structure of skeletal muscle, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : E. T-system lies at Z-lines
57. Which of the following nerve fibre types has the fastest conduction velocity?
Correct : C. A-beta
58. Regarding the nerve fibre action potential, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : D. spike potential peaks at sodium equilibrium potential
59. Which of the following nerve fibre types is MOST sensitive to local anaesthetic
blockade?
Correct : E. C
60. Regarding neurotoxins, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : C. tetanospasmin interferes with GABA release
61. Regarding conduction of nerve impulses, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : B. salutatory conduction occurs in unmyelinated neurons
62. B nerve fibres transmit impulses of which modality?
Correct : B. preganglionic autonomic
63. Regarding nerve fibres, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : A. resting membrane potential is about -90mV
64. Regarding skeletal muscle, which statement is INCORRECT?
Correct : D. energy source at rest is mainly glucose
65. Which of the following nerve fibre types has the LEAST myelin?
Correct : E. C
66. A-alpha nerve fibres transmit impulses of which modality?
Correct : A. proprioception
67. Unmyelinated neurons:
Correct : E. none of the above are true
68. In skeletal muscle:
Correct : C. think filaments are made up of actin, tropomyosin and troponin and form the H band
69. Dorsal root (type C) fibres:
Correct : D. administration of lignocaine suppresses transmission in C fibres before affecting A fibres
70. Saltatory conduction:
Correct : A. only occurs in myelinated neurons
71. A motor unit is made up of:
Correct : C. a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
72. The role of calcium in excitation/contraction couple in skeletal muscle is:
Correct : A. by binding troponin C it uncovers the binding site of actin to interact with the myosin head
73. A decrease in extracellular K+:
Correct : E. cause a similar effect in nerve cells as an increase in extracellular Ca++
74. Tetanic contraction of skeletal muscle:
Correct : C. enables a tension development of approximately four times that of individual twitch contraction
75. With respect to nerve fibre types:
Correct : B. C fibres are more susceptible to local anaesthetics than A fibres
76. In visceral smooth muscle:
Correct : D. muscle contracts when stretched in absence of innervation
77. Inhibitory post synaptic potentials involve:
Correct : D. localised increase in membrane permeability to Cl-
78. In skeletal muscle relaxation:
Correct : B. Ca2+ is released from troponin
79. Regarding synapses:
Correct : E. the EPSP is caused by Na+ influx
80. Which of the following is inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Correct : D. glycine
81. Which of the following nerves is NOT of fibre type A?
Correct : E. dorsal root pain and temperature
82. Which nerve fibre is MOST susceptible to local anaesthetics?
Correct : E. dorsal root pain and temperature
83. Which nerves have the biggest diameter and faster conduction velocity?
Correct : A. group A alpha
84. In excitation-contraction of skeletal muscle, calcium binds to:
Correct : D. troponin C
85. Myosin binding sites on actin are normally covered by:
Correct : D. tropomyosin
86. With regard to skeletal muscle, which is INCORRECT?
Correct : B. the T tubules surround the muscle at its Z lines
87. Noradrenaline:
Correct : C. is secreted by the adrenal medulla
88. Acetylcholine:
Correct : C. is important in the stimulation of pancreatic function
89. The functions of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle include:
Correct : D. acting as a “releasing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin
90. Membrane potential:
Correct : D. is negative inside in relation to the outside
91. Gamma amino butyric acid:
Correct : B. is formed by decarboxylation of glutamate
92. Substance P:
Correct : B. is a polypeptide found in the intestine and nervous tissue
93. Opioid peptides:
Correct : D. are mainly found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract
94. Regarding the autonomic nervous system:
Correct : C. has cholinergic division which increases activity of the intestinal musculature and increases gastric secretion
95. Contraction of skeletal muscle is initiated by Ca++ binding to:
Correct : D. troponin C
96. The stretch reflex in skeletal muscle:
Correct : A. is a feedback reflex aimed at maintaining muscle length
97. Excitary amino acids in the brain are:
Correct : E. glutamate and aspartate
98. The opioid δ receptor is involved in:
Correct : A. analgesia
99. With regard to contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle, all of the following are
true EXCEPT:
Correct : A. contraction involves the release of K+ from the terminal cisterns
100. Regarding nerve fibres:
Correct : E. type B myelinated fibres are located in preganglionic autonomic region