1. Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience.
Correct : A. relatively permanent
2. Habituation involves learning about a _____.
Correct : C. single stimulus
3. If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience
Correct : B. extinction
4. It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training.
Correct : B. spontaneous recovery
5. The best description for UCS is..
Correct : A. a stimulus that automatically elicits a response
6. In Pavlov’s experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response.
Correct : D. salivation
7. It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress.
Correct : A. gsr
8. Excitatory conditioning is..
Correct : C. it is an ability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior.
9. The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to..
Correct : B. discrimination
10. If the doctor always tells a child that “it won’t hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has no
danger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor’s office. This implies..
Correct : D. predictability is also important for emotional reactions
11. Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement.
Correct : A. opposite
12. Skinner box is also known as..
Correct : B. operant chamber
13. The likelihood that you bring your date chocolate on Valentine’s Day will decrease if he or she gets
mad at you for offering the caloric gift. This shows..
Correct : B. omission training
14. If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spend
away from your apartment will increase referring to..
Correct : B. negative reinforcement
15. When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time it
approaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to..
Correct : C. shaping
16. Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses.
Correct : A. fixed ratio
17. Non-reflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with _______________ conditioning.
Correct : A. operant
18. Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process
of _________________ conditioning.
Correct : A. operant
19. In __________ conditioning, the conditioned responses are active behaviors that operate on the
environment.
Correct : A. operant
20. In _____________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the
conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
Correct : B. classical
21. The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus
characterizes the cognitive aspect of _______________ conditioning.
Correct : B. classical
22. The behavior is emitted by the organism in ____________ conditioning.
Correct : A. operant
23. Conditions physiological and emotional responses.
Correct : B. classical
24. In ___________________ conditioning, the performance of the behavior is influenced by the
expectation of reinforcement or punishment.
Correct : A. operant
25. In ________________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the process of associating a response and
the consequence that follows it.
Correct : A. operant
26. Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with ___________ conditioning.
Correct : B. classical
27. In ___________ conditioning, the extinction process is the decreasing of the conditioned response
when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone
Correct : B. classical
28. The evolutionary influence of _______________ conditioning is that innate predispositions influence
how easily an association is formed between a particular stimulus and response.
Correct : B. classical
29. The evolutionary influence in ____________ conditioning is that behaviors similar to natural or
instinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned.
Correct : A. operant
30. Behavior is elicited by a stimulus in _____________ conditioning.
Correct : B. classical
31. Who was classical conditioning developed by?
Correct : D. pavlov
32. Operant conditioning...
Correct : B. uses positive and negative reinforcement to change attitudes and behaviour
33. Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and a consequence. The
consequences are:
Correct : D. both a & b
34. In Pavlov's Dog's, which of these is the conditioned stimuli?
Correct : A. bell
35. Classical conditioning can be applied within marketing. For example Coke’s polar bear ad campaign. The bears (US) generate positive feelings (UR), and Coke (CS) is associated with the positive feelings that
have then become the __
Correct : A. cr
36. Businesses can use operant conditioning to continuously reward consumers for patronage via:
Correct : D. both a & b
37. Which one is not an intermittentreinforcement?
Correct : D. constant low prices
38. Operant conditioning:
Correct : A. reinforcement
39. Which theorists originated the Insight learning theory and Social learning theory
Correct : B. kohler and bandura
40. Which theory advocates mentoring, apprenticeship, or on the job training, and internships?
Correct : C. social learning theory
41. Which of the following assumptions are incorrect, according to Social-Cognitive theorists?
Correct : D. people will learn something only if reinforcing or punishing consequences follow their behavior.
42. What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want to a response to last without reinforcement
long after it’s been learned through operant conditioning?
Correct : B. intermittent
43. What is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it’s the original conditioned stimulus?
Correct : B. stimulus generalization
44. A student sometimes got A’s on his midterm exams last year when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student’s superstitious
behavior arise?
Correct : C. operant conditioning
45. A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period and
then faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?
Correct : C. fixed interval
46. What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to
a desired response?
Correct : D. shaping
47. Classical conditioning usually works best if which of the following occurs?
Correct : B. the cs is presented just before the ucs
48. Which of the following terms means the tendency for conditioning to be limited by natural instincts?
Correct : A. instinctive drift
49. In operant conditioning, what is the tendency for a response to happen only when a particular
stimulus is present?
Correct : D. stimulus discrimination
50. Students get a grade for a quiz that’s given once a week. What is this an example of?
Correct : C. fixed-interval reinforcement schedule
51. Which learning theory says that a set stimulus, over a period of time, will produce the same
response every time?
Correct : A. classical conditioning
52. What are the three laws of Thorndike's law?
Correct : D. a, b & c
53. Which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning?
Correct : D. all of the above
54. Pavlov's initial interest in classical conditioning was stimulated when he observed his research dogs
salivating at the sight of
Correct : B. the attendants
55. In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n)
Correct : B. unconditioned response
56. In Pavlov's classic experiment, meat powder was the
Correct : A. unconditioned stimulus
57. Classical conditioning apparently plays a role in the development of
Correct : D. all of the above
58. Irrational fears that are thought to be caused by classical conditioning are called
Correct : C. phobias
59. Learning that results from the consequences of behaviours called
Correct : B. operant conditioning
60. If positive reinforcement is not given within a short time following the response, learning will
proceed slowly. This phenomenon is called
Correct : A. delay of reinforcement
61. Jill was trying to operantly condition her dog to roll over. Each time her dog rolled over she
immediately said "good dog." However, the dog did not roll over on command. Which of the following may best explain why?
Correct : D. saying "good dog" was not reinforcing
62. Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as food, water, and warmth are called
Correct : A. primary reinforcers
63. If a child is rewarded for appropriate behavior every 15 minutes, what type of schedule is being
used?
Correct : C. fixed interval
64. Salespeople who are paid exclusively by commission are reinforced on which type of schedule?
Correct : C. variable ratio
65. If you wanted to teach a chicken to "play" the piano, you should
Correct : C. use shaping
66. Behavior that is reinforced because it causes a negative event to stop is called
Correct : C. escape conditioning
67. Both escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are forms of
Correct : C. negative reinforcement
68. Which of the following is suggested as a guideline for the use of punishment?
Correct : D. all of the above
69. If the consequence of a behavior is negative and the frequency of that behavior decreases, the behavior has been
Correct : D. punished
70. Which of the following is correct?
Correct : A. classical conditioning usually involves reflexive behavior, while operant conditioning usually involves more complicated, spontaneous behavior.
71. John loves to receive mail. Over the years, he has learned to tell the difference between the sound
of the mail truck and the other cars and trucks that pass his house. What process is at work here?
Correct : A. stimulus discrimination
72. After Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, he also displayed fear responses to a white
rabbit and a white coat. This is an example of
Correct : A. stimulus generalization
73. An intense internal force that motivates behavior is known as a(n)
Correct : B. drive
74. What, according to Hull, is reinforcing?
Correct : A. drive reduction
75. If drive motivation is based on deprivation, incentive motivation is based on
Correct : D. reward value
76. Environmental stimuli can acquire the ability to produce an internal drive state. Hull called these
Correct : B. acquired drives
77. Habit strength increases based on
Correct : B. drive reduction
78. When a response continues to fail to produce drive reduction, it is permanently suppressed via
Correct : C. conditioned inhibition
79. Crespi's findings regarding the effect of reward magnitude on running speed forced Hull to propose
that
Correct : A. reward magnitude directly influences motivation
80. According to Amsel, the extinction of an instrumental response is due to
Correct : B. frustration
81. In Mowrer's two-factor theory of avoidance learning, the two factors are
Correct : D. classical conditioning and instrumental (or operant) conditioning
82. Guthrie believed that all learning is
Correct : B. s-r associations based on contiguity
83. Which traditional theorist believed that behavior involves purpose, goals, and expectations?
Correct : A. tolman
84. Spence's anticipatory goal concept is comparable to Tolman's
Correct : C. equivalence belief principle
85. Which traditional learning theorist believed that the use of hypothetical constructs does not
contribute to our understanding of behavior?
Correct : B. skinner
86. Guthrie rejected Thorndike's
Correct : D. law of effect
87. According to Tolman, reward is not required for learning but is required for
Correct : B. performance
88. Instrumental aversive conditioning involves
Correct : D. all of the above
89. Once exposed to an aversive situation, learning a response that removes the aversive situation
involves
Correct : B. escape learning
90. According to Skinner, a reinforcer is any event that
Correct : A. increases a behavior
91. Skinner defines an operant behavior as that which is
Correct : C. emitted by the organism
92. Whenever Kendra's dog whines at the door to go out she says "good dog" and pets the dog. The
word "good" becomes a secondary reinforcer through the process of
Correct : A. classical conditioning
93. To teach a complex behavior, one should use
Correct : A. shaping
94. Kohler's research with Sultan supports which theoretical view of learning?