1. The ego’s need for immediate gratification is known as the ____________.
Correct : A. pleasure principle
2. _____________of behaviour is accomplished by rewarding successive
approximations of the desired behaviour.
Correct : A. shaping
3. An individual who has achieved ___________ is happy, autonomous, and creative.
Correct : C. self-actualization
4. According to Rogers, _____________ from parents is necessary for children
to develop healthy self- concepts.
Correct : C. unconditional positive regard
5. A method of learning that involves the conditioning of new stimuli to
existing responses is________________
Correct : D. classical conditioning
6. In behaviour modification, use continuous______________.
Correct : D. reinforcement
7. Freud believed that human behaviour is primarily motivated by the
psychosexual energy he called__________________.
Correct : B. libido
8. The unpleasantness of ______________ motivates individuals to avoid or
reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure.
Correct : B. cognitive dissonance
9. A counselor might use systematic desensitization to help reduce the
________________ experienced by an agoraphobic client.
Correct : A. anxiety
10. In Jung’s theory, _____________________is the tendency toward
subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance
Correct : A. introversion
11. Behaviour modification programs in schools or group homes often use
___________________ to motivate participants.
Correct : B. token economy
12. Through ________________________________undesirable behaviour
may be eliminated.
Correct : B. extinction
13. Social learning theory uses the concept of modeling to explain some aspect of human behavior. The concept that best explains how modeling
works within this theory is
Correct : C. vicarious reinforcement
14. Counselors who follow Maslow’s theory believe people’s behaviors are
directed by
Correct : D. need gratification
15. Motivation and reinforcement may come from within a person or from sources external to the person. According to Rotter, people’s behaviour is determined by their belief that reinforcements are either internally or
externally controlled. This concept is called
Correct : A. locus of control
16. A client who reverts to old behaviour patterns is said to be
Correct : D. regressing
17. As a counselor in a community mental health centre, you receive a pay
check every other Friday. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Correct : B. fixed interval
18. Jung’s work forms the basis for many personality concepts of interest
today. Among these are
Correct : D. all the above
19. In adult development, mid-life is characterized by
Correct : C. a sense of time running out
20. Piaget identifies four major stages of child development. Which of the
following refers to the period during which the child develops the abilities to classify and seriate objects and to maintain relationships between objects despite their physical manipulation?
Correct : B. concrete operations
21. Which of the following describes Roger’s view of humanity?
Correct : C. people are inherently go
22. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development,
Correct : A. most fail to go beyond the conventional level
23. Festinger is known for the concept of cognitive dissonance, He believes
individuals
Correct : C. seek consistency in cognitive structure
24. The first theorist to acknowledge continued development during
adulthood was
Correct : A. jung
25. A childhood disturbance characterized, by withdrawal, a blurred sense of self, and obsessive self-stimulation (head banging, rocking, and so on)
is known as
Correct : B. hyperkinesis
26. According to Adler’s theory of individual psychology, when an
individual’s real self and self-ideal do not match,
Correct : D. feeling of inferiority arise
27. As a new counselor in a community mental health center, you have been assigned to a client whose diagnosis is “anorexia nervosa”. You
would expect the client to be
Correct : D. none of the above
28. Two theorists who believe human beings are motivated by needs are
Correct : C. murray and maslow
29. When working with clients, counselors need to be aware of defense
mechanisms. Clients who refuse to take responsibility for their own actions or situations often attribute their unacceptable desires or impulses to others. This is an example of
Correct : B. projection school of distance education
30. The term cardinal trait, used by Allport in his personality theory,
means
Correct : A. a dominant characteristic of the individual
31. A counselor whose methods are based on learning theory approaches
treatment
Correct : C. from a behvaioural standpoint
32. Lewin theorizes that an individual’s behaviour is a function of the
personal and his or her psychological environment, or life space. This approach to human development may be called
Correct : B. phenomenological
33. _______________________ may be either basic, additive, or subtractive.
Correct : D. empathy
34. Counselors who fear rejection or fear closeness and affection may have
difficulty developing ________________ in the helping relationship.
Correct : B. intimacy
35. The approach used by_________________________________________-is very
effective for treating depression.
Correct : B. beck
36. When a client directs toward the counselor feelings that were once
attached to a significant other, ________________________ takes place.
Correct : C. transference
37. The _______________ holds that individual are essentially good in nature,
with a tendency toward growth and productivity.
Correct : C. client-centered view
38. Glasser’s Reality Therapy focuses on
Correct : D. identity
39. Systematic desensitization is a technique whereby a client resolves irrational fears through gradual exposure to the fear-producing
stimulus. It was first developed as a therapy technique by
Correct : B. wolpe
40. Counselors need to pat attention not only to verbal nut also to
nonverbal behaviour. They need to be aware that nonverbal
Correct : B. accent and/or contradict verbals
41. Carkhuff has developed scaled for measuring the core conditions for effective counseling. Which of the following is not one of the core
conditions?
Correct : C. insight
42. Particular counseling activities are usually associated with their primary proponents. For example, psychodrama is to Moreno as hot
seat is to
Correct : D. perls
43. Some counseling techniques are appropriate for individual counseling, while others apply more to group counseling. Which of the following counselor skills applied to individual as well as group counseling?
Correct : A. summarizing
44. Which counselor intervention most closely follows client verbalizations?
Correct : C. restatement of content
45. Which of these is not one of the core elements of the helping
relationship?
Correct : A. psychodynamics
46. Maslow believes that individuals are unable to reach self-actualization
until they
Correct : C. satisfy lower order needs
47. Counselors who choose their approach and techniques according to the
needs and capacity of each individual client are said to be
Correct : D. eclectic
48. The “mediator” is an important dimension of which type of
consultation?
Correct : B. triadic
49. When a counselor’s response includes congruent ideas and feelings from another frame of reference to facilitate client exploration, Ivey
would say the counselor is using
Correct : C. additive empathy
50. “Empty chair” is a group technique used by which type of group
counselor?
Correct : A. gestalt
51. Johari’s window is a technique used to indicate differences in.
Correct : C. openness
52. Which type of group counselor views people as basically positive and
moving toward actualization?
Correct : B. group centered
53. Oral or written behavioural agreements in groups counseling are
referred to as
Correct : C. contracts
54. Brainstorming is a process used by groups for problem solving. Which
of these is not a characteristic of brain storming?
Correct : A. there is a time limit
55. Self-disclosure involves
Correct : B. sharing self-knowledge with the group
56. When a group member projects feelings deriving from past relationship
onto the therapist, it is called
Correct : B. transference
57. Confidentiality may be breached by a counselor
Correct : A. when ordered by the court
58. Role playing is an effective technique used in group counselling. Which
of the following is not a benefit of role playing?