Stratified Societies- Medieval World | Set 2
1. The ……………system existed in West Asia mainly during the period between 9th
and 16th centuries.
2. IQTA was instituted in Iraq in the mid-………….. century and then spread to Iran
in the East and Syria in the West.
3. The ………………was a grant of appropriation to a Muslim Officer, entitling him to collect the ‘Kharaj’ from the owner.
4. The imperial system in China was strongly established with the forming of the
………………dynasty in the beginning of the 7th century AD.
5. …………….. is said to have entered in its classical phase under the Tang.
6. The Tang capital of ……………………was one of the greatest commercial and
cosmopolitan cities in the contemporary world.
7. In the later period the …………………emperors implemented the ‘Feng-Chien’ system by which trusted officials and imperial relatives were appointed on a
permanent basis in the strategic areas of the empire, which in course of time became hereditary.
8. With the fall of the………………, power once again shifted to the provinces and paved way for the rise of regional kingdoms, known in Chinese history as the period of ‘Five Dynasties’ and ‘Ten Kingdoms’.
9. Towards the end of the …………… century the ‘Song’ dynasty gained power over
most of China, heralding a period of economic prosperity.
10. The ……………….period was followed by the ‘Mongolian Interlude’ in the history
of China.
11. The last song ruler was overthrown by the Mongol invaders towards the end of the
13th century under their able leader, …………….who declared himself as the ‘emperor of China’.
12. The ‘Ming’ dynasty was established in …………. which lasted up to 1644.
13. China’s last imperialist power was the ‘Qing’ dynasty or the rule of the Manchu
kings which lasted from 1644 to…………….
14. The feudal period of Japanese history is generally marked between 1185 and
…………….. AD.
15. The real and practical ruler of the period from 1185 to 1868 in……………….. was the ‘shogun’, who was a military leader with near absolute control.
16. Much like in the medieval Europe, the ………………distributed to his loyal vassals, called ‘daimyo’.
17. The …………….granted land to their trusted warriors called the ‘Samurais’.
18. The ……………..warriors lived according to a code of conduct known as ‘budhido’
which was even stricter than that prevailed in medieval Europe.
19. A disgraced ………….was expected to perform ‘Seppuku’ or suicide in order to maintain his family’s honour.
20. In the end of the civil war, the Minamota Samurai group came out victorious and they established the first Shogunate – the Kamakura Shogunate, transforming the emperor a name sake ruler, in………….
21. The Kamakura period (1185-1333) marked the governance of the Kamakura Shogunate and transition to the medieval period of ……………history.
22. The ……………..attacked the Japanese islands towards the end of the 13th century.
23. Though the Kamakura Shogunate resists the ……………attack successfully with the
help of the Samurai warriors, it led to the downfall of the Shogunate.
24. The Kamakura Shogunate was replaced by the …………….Shogunate, which
reasserted the power and dominance of the Samurai class.
25. The troublesome period was overcome by the establishment of the Tokugawa
Shogunate in………….., with Edo (modern Tokyo) as its capital.
26. The …………….feudal society was mainly comprised of four different classes – Samurai, Farmers, Artisans and Merchants.
27. The Samurai class was the land-owning class in …………..and they enjoyed the
highest position in the social ladder.
28. Just below the Samurais of ………….on the social ladder were the Farmers, or the
Peasants.
29. During the reign of the third Tokugava Shogun, …………….., farmers were not
allowed to eat any of the rice they grew.
30. The ethnic minority in the country of ……………called ‘Ainu’.
31. Another class of social out-castes of ………………..was the ‘Hinin’ which included
actors, wandering bards and convicted criminals.
32. The …………….feudal society was dominated by the Samurai, a class of highly skilled warriors.
33. The ……………..culture was grounded on the concept of the ‘bushido’, the code of
conduct, ‘the way of the warrior’.
34. After the ……………..Invasion in the 13th century, the Samurais began to make
more use of swords and spears.
35. The ………….warriors wore two swords, together called ‘daisho’, the long and the
short.
36. During the period of the ……………..Shogunate the Samurai class lost its earlier
power and prestige as it was an era of relative peace.
37. The Japanese society was completely remade in the year……………, the event is
known as the ‘Meiji Restoration’.
38. By 800 AD the economy of medieval Europe began to more stabilize as by that time
…………….had conquered southern Mediterranean including Spain, Sicily and southern Italy.
39. ……………. was an institution that reflected a common practice whereby landlords
were assured that others worked to feed them.
40. Feudalism in Europe evolved from agricultural slavery in the …………..Empire and
speared through Europe.
41. The city of …………….in the Crimea was called the capital of medieval slave trade.
42. By the 10th century AD., the Venetians in ………………had started long distance
trade with the Byzantine Empire and the Arabs.
43. ……………turned out to be a boom to the Italian economy as they could transport men and goods to Jerusalem, Damascus and Baghdad.
44. The goods from the Eastern countries were carried on by the ………………traders either through the Red sea route, overland to the Nile or through the Persian Gulf and then to the Black sea region where European ships came to receive the goods.
45. From the …………..sea region to the Persian Gulf region situated some of the
important trading centers of the medieval period like Mocha, Aden, Yemen coast, Muscat etc.
46. The western most part of the Persian Gulf was Basra on the mouth of the river……………...
47. Gujarat, Konkan Malabar Coast, Cambay, Surat, Diu, Broach etc were the important trading centers in the Indian sub continent and all these places were connected with the Persian Gulf region especially with………………..
48. The Coromondal coast of India connected with the ports of Ceylon on the one side and the port of Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Siam etc. of the South East Asian region along with the ………….ports.
49. …………….. was founded by north German towns and German mercantile
communities to protect their mutual trading interests.
50. ………………….was an economic alliance of trading cities and their guilds that
dominated trade along the coast of north Europe in the later middle ages.
51. The guilds during the …………………period (300-500) were known as the ‘Shrenia’.
52. All those guilds in Japan were swept away in the Meiji restoration of………………
53. The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses and supernova were made in…………….
54. Ceramic movable type printing was developed by Bi Sheng in the
……………….century.
55. One of the most important military treatises of all ……………..history was ‘Hua
Long Jing’ written by Jiao Yu in the 14th century, which provides the details of gun powder use and related weapons.
56. The two most important scientists of the medieval …………..were Shen Kuo and Subsistence Song; both lived in the 11th century.
57. ……………., a Polymath scientist and statesman was the first to describe the
magnetic needle compass used for navigation.
58. ……………. discovered the concept of ‘true north’ and improved the design of
‘armillary sphere’.
59. ……………….was a polymath and astronomer, who created a celestial atlas of star maps and prepared a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy and metallurgy.
60. ………..had erected a large astronomical Clock Tower in Kaifeng city in 1088 AD.
61. ………………of 11th century proposed the idea that rainbows were the result of the contacts between sunlight and moisture in the air, while Shen Kuo expanded upon this with the description of atmospheric refraction.
62. Arab astronomers worked in the Chinese Astronomical Bureau established by ……
63. The Chinese mathematician, ……………..of 13th century had criticised earlier mathematicians who were content with using methods, without working out their theoretical origins and principles.
64. Emperor Gaozong of 7th century of ……………dynasty had commissioned a scholarly compilation of a ‘materia medica’.
65. The scholar official ………………..of 11th century, in his ‘Bencao Tujing’ not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical
uses, but regions they could be found.
66. The growth of …………….industry during the 11th century paved way for vast deforestation due to the use of charcoal in the smelting process.
67. As a part of the search for remedy of the problem of deforestation, the ……………..discovered how to produce cake from bituminous coal as a substitute for charcoal.
68. Progress in methodology with the beginning of experiments was started by
…………….on optics from 1000 CE in his ‘Book of Optics”.
69. ………………is generally regarded as the ‘father of optics’ especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
70. Ibn Musa of Khwarismi, the ……………..mathematician developed the concept of
‘algoritham’.
71. In astronomy, …………..improved the measurements of Hipparchus.
72. ……………translated Ptolemy’s ‘The Great Treatise’ into Arabic with the new title
‘Almagest’.
73. ………………… is considered by many to be the ‘father of chemistry’.
74. …………….introduced the empirical method to Europe is said to have influenced
greatly by the Arab scientists.
75. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is regarded as the most influential scientist and philosopher of………………..
76. The introduction of clinical pharmacology was the contribution of……………….
77. …………………..’s two most important works in medicine are the ‘Book of Healing’
and the ‘Canon of Medicine’, both used as the standard medicinal texts in both the Arab world and Europe for a long time.
78. The Greek Scholar ……………had established the fundamentals of the Unani on
which the Arab physicians like Rhaza in 10th century and Avicenna in the 11th century constructed an imposing edifice.
79. The science in West Asia began its decline by the 13th century itself mainly due to the ……………..attacks on the entire Arab world.
80. Around 800, ……………….assisted by the English monk Alcuin of York undertook
what has come to be known as the ‘Carolingian Renaissance’, a programme of cultural revitalization and educational reforms.
81. By the 12th century centers of learning known as the ……………..sprang up across western Europe, drawing scholars from different fields and mixing the knowledge of the ancient Greeks with the new discoveries of the Arab philosophers and scientists.
82. The logic studies by …………….of Ockham led him to postulate specific formulation of the principle of ‘parsimony’ known as the ‘Ochan’s Razor’.
83. …………….developed the theory of impetus which was the first step towards the
modern concept of ‘inertia’.
84. ………………. stated that the earth moves and not the heaven.
85. ………………… was the first to assume that colour and light are of the same nature and the discoverer of the curvature of light through atmospheric refraction.
86. In the year………………., the ‘Black Death’ and other disasters sealed a sudden end
of the period of scientific and philosophic development in medieval Europe.
87. The rediscovery of the ancient classics was improved after the fall of………………., which led to the opening of the modern period and the Renaissance in Europe.
88. ……………… astronomy became an established tradition by the first millennium
BC, when ‘Jyotisha Vedanga’ took shape.
89. The ‘Sulba Sutra’ of …………….millennium BC contains mathematical applications
used for altar construction.
90. The ‘Panchaka Sidhanta’ of ……………….of 505 BC approximates the method for
the determination of the meridian direction from any three positions of the shadow.
91. Ancient ……………….had kept a ‘Panchanga’ for calculation of ‘Tithi’ or the lunar
day, ‘varna’ or the week day, ‘nakshatra’ or asterism for social and religious events.
92. Aryabhatta of ……………. century AD, author of ‘Aryabattiya’ and ‘Aryabhata
Sidhanta’, was the significant astronomer of early medieval India.
93. ………………….’s ‘Panchasidhantika’ is a treatise drawing from several knowledge
systems.
94. Brahmagupta of ……………..century wrote ‘Bramasphuta Sidhanta’ which dealt
with both Indian mathematics and astronomy.
95. ‘Bramasphuta Sidhanta’ was translated into Arabic in ……………..about 771 and
had a profound impact on Arabic mathematics and astronomy.
96. In ‘Khandakhadhyaka’, ……………….reinforced Aryabhatta’s idea of another day beginning at mid-night.
97. ………………of 8th century, the authority of ‘Sishyadi Vridhita’ discusses the planetary calculations, rising and settings of the planets, planetary and asteral conjunctions and complementary situations of the sun and the moon.
98. ………………..of the 12th century authored two important astronomical works:
‘Sidhanta Siromani’ and ‘Karana Kuttuhala’.
99. ……………….was the head of the observatory at Ujjain.
100. Mahendra Suri of 14th century wrote the astronomical work called ‘Yantra Raja’ in
verse in……………….