Informatics and History | Set 2
1. The ……………..allows us to input personal information online for
practically anyone to see.
2. ……………has allowed countries across the world to connect and
interact without having to fly thousands of miles to communicate with each other.
3. The importance of stone tools, circa 2.5 million years ago, is considered
fundamental in ………….development in the hypothesis.
4. The ……………is a major contributor to the development of new
technology in many ways.
5. ……………….is the author of ‘The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation,
Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future’.
6. Appropriate technology, sometimes called ……………….technology, more of an economics concern, refers to compromises between central and
expensive technologies of developed nations and those that developing nations find most effective to deploy given an excess of labour and scarcity of cash.
7. In economics, definitions or assumptions of progress or growth are often related to one or more assumptions about technology's economic influence.Challenging prevailing assumptions about technology and its usefulness has led to alternative ideas like uneconomic growth or
measuring well-being.These, and economics itself, can often be described as technologies, specifically, as…………………...
8. The implementation of …………………influences the values of a society
by changing expectations and realities.
9. The implementation of technology is also influenced by……………...
10. ……………..provides an understanding, and an appreciation for the
world around us.
11. …………….is one proponent of the irresistibleness of technology to
humans.
12. …………………espouses the idea that humanity cannot resist the
temptation of expanding our knowledge and our technological abilities.
13. The wheel was invented in the……………., and has become one of the
worlds most famous and most useful technologies.
14. The National Museum of Iran is located in………………….
15. ………….concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery,
barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, such as fire, the bow, and pottery in the savage era, domestication of animals, agriculture, and metalworking in the barbarian era and the alphabet and writing in the civilization era.
16. For ……………"the primary functions of culture" is to "harness and control energy”.
17. ………….differentiates between five stages of human development: In the
first, people use energy of their own muscles.In the second, they use energy of domesticated animals’.In the third; they use the energy of plants (agricultural revolution). In the fourth, they learn to use theenergy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness nuclear energy.
18. …………… introduced a formula P=E*T, where E is a measure of energy
consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilizing the energy.
19. In ……………words, "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed
per capita per year is increased or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased".
20. Russian astronomer, ………………., extrapolated his theory creating the
Kardashev scale, which categorizes the energy use of advanced civilizations.
21. The later Stone Age, during which the rudiments of agricultural
technology were developed, is called…………………...
22. During …………………period, polished stone tools were made from a
variety of hard rocks such as flint, jade, jadeite and greenstone.
23. The polished axes were used for forest clearance and the establishment
of crop farming, and were effective as to remain in use when bronze and ………………..appeared.
24. ………………. developed into the Bronze Age after the Neolithic Revolution.
25. The ………………….Revolution involved radical changes in agricultural
technology which included development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements.
26. In many Eurasian cultures, ……………….was the last major step before
the development of written language, though again this was not universally the case.
27. ……………., situated in a resource-rich area, is notable for its early
application of city planning and sanitation technologies.
28. Ancient India was at the forefront of seafaring technology—a panel
found at…………….., depicts a sailing craft.
29. …………..construction and architecture, called 'Vaastu Shastra',
suggests a thorough understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation.
30. The famous ………………mechanism, a kind of analogous computer
working with a differential gear, and the astrolabe show great refinement in the astronomical science.
31. ……………. engineers were also the first to devise automaton such as
vending machines, suspended ink pots, automatic washstands and doors, primarily as toys, which however featured many new useful mechanisms such as the cam and gimbals.
32. Though the ………….. civilization had no metallurgy or wheel
technology, they developed complex writing and astrological systems, and created sculptural works in stone and flint.
33. The main contribution of the …………..rule was a system of
communications between the conquered cities.
34. …………….technology in the middle Ages may be best described as a
symbiosis of traditio et innovatio.
35. Paper making, a 2nd century ……………..technology, was carried to the
Middle East.
36. Paper making technology was spread to Mediterranean by the ……………….conquests.
37. A paper mill was established in …………..in the 12th century.
38. ………….credited the spinning wheel with increasing the supply of rags,
which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of printing.
39. Note books of the ……………….artist-engineers such as Taccola and
Leonardo da Vinci give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied.
40. Architects and engineers were inspired by the structures of Ancient
Rome, and men like ……………created the large dome of Florence Cathedral as a result.
41. Military technology developed rapidly with the widespread use of the
cross-bow and ever more powerful artillery, as the city-states of ………….were usually in conflict with one another.
42. The sailing ship (Nau or Carrack) enabled the Age of Exploration with
the European colonization of the Americas, epitomized by ………………..New Atlantis.
43. Manufacture of ships' pulley blocks by all-metal machines at the …………… block mills instigated the age of mass production.
44. …………..were eventually completely iron-clad, and played a role in the opening of Japan and China to trade with the West.
45. In the early ……………… century, the main technology being developed is
Electronics.
46. ………..is trying to detect gravitational waves underground.
47. ………….became a computing device when it was first used to design the abacus.
48. ………….. were used in the early machines of Pascal, Thomas, and the
production versions from firms such as Brundsviga, Monroe, etc
49. The ………………..has the lowest level capacity.
50. Large-scale production of ……………began in 1971 and this has been of
great use in the production of microcomputers.
51. ……………..is a digital computer system that is controlled by a stored
program that uses a microprocessor, a programmable read-only memory (ROM) and a random-access memory (RAM).
52. The …………..defines the instructions to be executed by the computer
while RAM is the functional equivalent of computer memory.
53. The Apple IIe, the Radio Shack TRS-80, and the Genie III are examples
of microcomputers and are essentially …………..generation devices.
54. ……………..have from 4k to 64k storage location and are capable of
handling small, single-business application such as sales analysis, inventory, billing and payroll.
55. In the……………, the growing demand for a smaller stand-alone
machine brought about the manufacture of the minicomputer, to handle tasks that large computers could not perform economically.
56. ……………were well known in the 1940s although they are now uncommon.
57. ………………., Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibnitz were among
mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included.
58. The first multi-purpose or programmable computing device was
probably Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in …………….but never completed.
59. In…………., Babbage designed a more ambitious machine, called the
Analytical Engine but unfortunately it also was only partially completed.
60. ………………, together with Ada Lovelace recognized several important
programming techniques, including conditional branches, iterative loops and index variables.
61. A second early electronic machine was Colossus, designed by ……………….for the British military in 1943.
62. The first general purposes programmable electronic computer was the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of………………..
63. In 1964, …………….developed the CDC 6600, which was the first
architecture to use functional parallelism.
64. ……………….of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called BCPL (Basic
Computer Programming Language, 1967).
65. In 1970 …………………of Bell Labs developed yet another simplification
of CPL called simply B, in connection with an early implementation of the UNIX operating system.
66. ………………….invented the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) which
introduced electronic binary logic in the late 1930s.
67. …………………first machine was known as Mark I and originally named
the IBM ASCC and this was the first machine that could solve complicated mathematical problems by being programmed to execute a series of controlled operations in a specific sequence.
68. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was
displayed to the public on February 14, 1946, at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of…………………..
69. The DEHOMAG D11 tabulator was invented in…………...
70. …………….is popularly recognized in Germany as the father of the computer and his Z1, a programmable automaton built from 1936 to
1938, is said to be the world’s ‘first programmable calculating machine’.
71. …………..built the Z4, a relay computer with a mechanical memory of
unique design, during the war years in Berlin.
72. During the World war II, a young German engineer, ……………studied the application of electronic analog circuits for the guidance and control system of liquid-propellant rockets and developed a special purpose analog computer, the ‘Mischgerat’ and integrated it into the rocket.
73. The Colossus was designed and constructed at the Post Office Research Laboratories at Dollis Hill in North ……………..in 1943 to help Bletchley Park in decoding intercepted German telegraphic messages.
74. ………………, supercomputer and Internet pioneer, was born in 1954, in
Nigeria, Africa.
75. A computer ……………is a computer peripheral device that produces a
hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics, usually on paper) from data stored in a computer connected to it.
76. The ………..is a computer printer for printing vector graphics.
77. A ………….is a device that captures images from photographic prints,
posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display.
78. A …………..is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk
surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position.
79. A computer …………………is an important device that allows a person to
enter symbols like letters and numbers into a computer.
80. A ………….is the main device used in the field of digital photography.
81. A …………..is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base
and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling.
82. …………….also known as 'control columns'.
83. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a ……………-owned utility that
provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.
84. A ……………..is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes.
85. Like a flatbed scanner, …………. consists of a light source, a lens and a
light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.
86. An ………………is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily
for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.
87. ……………….. are a form of digital storage media found in personal
computers and servers.
88. ………………….. are collections of computers, software, and hardware
that are all connected to help their users work together.
89. A ……………connects computers by means of cabling systems,
specialized software, and devices that manage data traffic.
90. A …………………enables users to share files and resources, such as
printers, as well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
91. A ……………..connects computers within a single geographical location,
such as one office building, office suite, or home.
92. A mobile phone also known as a ……………….
93. .………………….is a standard switching technique, designed to unify
telecommunication and computer networks.
94. ………………… uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing, and it
encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells.
95. …………….provides data link layer services that run over a wide range
of OSI physical Layer links.
96. ………………..has functional similarity with both circuit switched
networking and small packet switched networking.
97. ……………………was designed for a network that must handle both
traditional high-throughput data traffic (e.g., file transfers), and realtime, low-latency content such as voice and video.
98. …………………is a core protocol used over the SONET/SDH backbone
of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), but its use is declining in favour of All IP.
99. ……………is a social issue referring to the differing amount of information between those who have access to the Internet (especially
broadband access) and those who do not have access.
100. ………………..is the study of ethics pertaining to computer networks, encompassing user behavior and what networked computers are
programmed to do, and how this affects individuals and society.